Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Over the past four years, we present bighearted from insecure, immature freshmen to successful, focused and confident young adults. This incredible transformation has been the result of our complete high school experience. Everything from that first homecoming game, to late night cramming, to the last dance at prom. These experiences have pulled us together as a manakin and we have learned to love and respect our fellow classmates.As much as this class has grown together, every one of us has also grown as a unique individual. We have found our talents and interests. These interests have drawn us to different activities and in turn helped shape our lives. Some of us have excelled academically while others have helped improve Summer High School by participating in activities such as Link Crew or ASB. Some of us acted in plays while others shared their musical talents by singing in the choir or performing with our outstanding band. Many of us have preferred to be involved in communi ty service with a group like KEY Club. In addition to these school activities, many an(prenominal) of us have invested time in jobs and other community activities.These many choices have shaped who we are today the people we met, the experiences we encountered, the lessons we learned. They have all do an impact on our lives and, in turn, we have also made a difference in the lives of others.The people sitting out in this audience this night have also greatly impacted our lives. Every person in this enormous stadium has given us encouraging words, helpful advice or tinder criticism. The support our family, friends and teachers have shared with us is invaluable. Their caring and dedication have helped us get here today.

Radio Propaganda during World War II :: Essays

Radio Propaganda during World War IIPropaganda played an important voice before and throughout World War II. It helped accelerate the development of the war and hastened actually fighting. It also played a crucial role in case-by-case countries in increasing production and helping the war effort. Without propaganda, it is doubtless that the war would have taken a different course. I. American radio propaganda during WWIIThe radio has had a huge impact on bringing information to the public about war and other authorities issues. Advertising and broadcasting on the airwaves was a major step in bringing war propaganda to a level where people could be easily touched contently. Broadcasting around the clock was being offered everywhere. beforehand there was television people relied on the radio as a way to be entertained, the means of finding out what was going on in the world, and much more. During the World War II time period, 90 percent of American families owned a radio, an d it was a part of daily life. So it was an intelligible means of spreading war propaganda. During this time period, propaganda was spread throughout the radio by means of news programs, public affairs broadcasts, as well as through Hollywood and the mainstream. The average person had not even graduated high school at the time, and the average reading level of the American was around low. The radio made it possible for stories and news to be delivered to everyone in plain simple English. The radio served as a medium that provided a sense of national community. Although it took time, the radio eventually rallied people together to back up the American war effort.Propaganda in the Pre-World War II time period was very less-traveled with the American people. Before WWII, the American people were getting tired of propaganda efforts put on by the government. Government propaganda reminded Americans of the war propaganda tactics used in ahead in World War I and now FDR was p utting tons of effort into radio propaganda to support the new deal. FDR and his administration worked hard to convince people, politicians, and the media that the government was NOT trying to censor up information about what was going on. However the government still increased the radio informational network under the put out of the emergency defense network.

The Economic and Political Motives of the American Constitution vs. the

The Economic and Political Motives of the American Constitution vs. the Articles of ConfederationIntroductionThe Constitution of the United States of America is often revered and thought of as the basis for all democracies around the world. However, when it is used as an example of the perfect democracy, the facts and history behind its creation are often left out. While it is a fascinating document, it is not the pinnacle of perfection that we often hold it up to be. It had a stumbling start, full of problems and arguments, instead of the immaculate conception that is often described. Its beginnings were much humbler, and they started with the Articles of Confederation.It is passably strange that the American people know so little of the fundamental nature of their system of government. Their acquaintance with it extends only to its outward form and rarely includes a knowledge of the political philosophy upon which it rests. The sources of information upon which the average man rel ies do not furnish the data for a correct understanding of the Constitution. (Smith, Allen, 1965 30)What I get to show is that the Constitution of the United States is not necessarily the best form of government for the United States, but that a reworking of the Articles of Confederation would have been sufficient. The motives I would manage to call into question are those of the Framers of the Constitution, but also those of the Framers of the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation are often historically overlooked, but they play a major role in the creation of the Constitution. By examining the creation of the Articles of Confederation and its demise, I hope to shed some light on why the Constitution was created an... ...an Company, 1936. Bourgin, Frank. The Great Challenge The fiction of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic. New York George Braziller, 1989.Campbell, R.H. and A.S. Skinner, eds. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Gla sgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith. Indianapolis Liberty Classics, 1981.Jensen, Merrill. Articles of Confederation An meter reading of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781. University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press, 1940.Kenyon, Cecelia. The Antifederalists. New York Bobbs-Merrill Co. Inc., 1966. McDonald, Forrest. We the People The Economic Origins of the Constitution. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1958.Smith, J. Allen. The Spirit of American Government. Cambridge, Mass. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965.

Sylvan Learning Systems Case Study Essay -- Education Tutoring Essays

clownish learning Systems Case StudyThe Sylvan case study illustrates the challenges of building survey and improving business performance through an acquisition and diversification strategy that did not coincide with the capabilities and competencies that originally built the Sylvan brand. Sylvan was founded by W. pluck Fowler in 1979 and during his six year tenure, Berry developed the franchise business model, training and educational programs, and teaching methodology that provided Sylvan with a competitive returns in the education industry.1 Berry Fowler built his business strategy through an intimate understanding of customers needs and developed Sylvans core competencies most providing supplemental education designed to fill the educational gaps experienced by students. 1 Upon Berrys departure, Sylvans new CEO, Douglas Becker, embarked on a corporate-level strategy of related diversification. However, this strategy did not successfully translate into financial economies between businesses nor did it obtain significant market power through these additional levels of educational diversification.2 To that end, this case study will look more closely at Sylvans process of diversification and acquisition strategy, managements leaders as Sylvan transitioned from their founder and the new course the organization charted to address additional challenges for the new millennium. W. Berry Fowler founded Sylvan Learning Center with an investment of $14,500 in 1979.1 As a former teacher and through his own experience of receiving tutoring help during college, Fowler hoped to prevent students falling short academically by filling the educational/learning gaps left by students primary educational provider.1 During his six year tenure, Fowler built Sylvans competitive advantage through its low appeal franchise model, educational programs and teaching methodology. Of particular importance to the success of Sylvan Learning Centers (and sustained competitive advantag e) was the ability to capitalize on the expertise and resources of topical anaesthetic franchise owners (Fowler lacked the capital to expand on his own) and gain maximum benefit from knowledge they diffused throughout the organization.2 Additionally, through a localiseed strategy of augmenting K-12 educational services offered by the public school system, Sylvan was able to capitalize and to integrate their i... ...e activities and focus that were critical to the Sylvans earlier success (i.e. Sylvan Ventures). That being said, Sylvans recent split into two companies to allow better focus and better investment decisions is clearly a gigantic ill-treat in the right direction. The goal of this restructuring through down scoping was to reduce Sylvans level of diversification, to eliminate unrelated businesses that didnt serve a strategical purpose, and to help top-level managers refocus on the core business.2 In the case for Laureate, Becker and his top management can solely focus on post-secondary education. For Educate, Inc, Chris Hoehn-Seric and his top-management can solely focus on the K-12 education market. With this focus, Educate, Inc and Laureate should marshal their resources to continue to define and mine opportunities in their respective segments of the fragmented educational market. References1. Ashaye, Cotts, Gray, Perry, Sylvan Learning Systems, Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc.2. Hoskisson, Hitt, Ireland, Competing for Advantage, Thomson Learning 2004.3. Educate, Inc., http//www.educate-inc.com4. Laureate Education, Inc., http//www.laureate-inc.com

Saint Joan of Arc Essay -- European History France England War Essays

Saint Joan of Arc Joan of Arc lived an extraordinary life and accomplished incredible feats during, her brief lifetime. Joan is in a league of her own. As a girl at an absurdly young age and with no military knowledge, she convinces the Dauphin of France that she is a messenger from god and helps lead the most diminished French army drive the English away from French soil. Her remarkable clairvoyance to foresee future events and for things to fall magically in stupefy at least at the beginning of her career, compels one to believe in her saintly powers or in her connection with a higher being. Joan of Arc was born(p) at Doremy in Champagne on January 6, 1412. Witnesses claim that the roosters of the village hailed her birth by crowing long before dawn. She was born to a wealthy farmer, Jacques Darc, and his wife, Isabelle. Joan neer learned to read or write but was very skilled in spinning and sewing. Villagers regarded her as a pious child, and many often cut her knee ling in church, absorbed in prayer. At the age of 12 she first became conscious of her voices. At first it seemed that it was simply a voice that would recite her to Be good and go to church (Pernoud 19). Soon the voices would be accompanied by a light, and she identified them individually as being St. Catherine, St. Margaret, and St. Michael. The voices became insistent, often presentment her two to three times a week that she should go to France and present herself to Robert Baudricourt who commanded for Charles VII in the neighboring town of Vaucouleurs. A month later she travelled with her uncle to see Baudricourt, but with little success, as he told her uncle to Take her home to her father and give her a good whipping (Pernoud 50). Joan... ... more astonishing, her ability to get hold of France to victory during the battle of Orleans where the French were completely surrounded and defeat was almost certain. Her ability to produce wonders one after the other makes one to a great extent pressed not to believe in her saintliness. Joan is a saint and her actions can only be categorized as miracles. Joans life is astounding by any measure, even when one separates the fact from fiction. BibliographyBrooks, Polly Schoyer Beyond the Myth The Story of Joan of Arc. New York Houghton Mifflin Co, 1999. Pernoud, Regine. Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. New York Scarborough House, 1994. Price, Patrick. JoanNet 2004. Feb 2004. http//maidjoan.tripod.com Shaw, Benard. Saint Joan. England Penguin Books, 1924. Williamson, Allen. Joan of Arc Online Archive 2003. Feb 2004. http//archive.joan-of-arc.org

Saint Joan of Arc Essay -- European History France England War Essays

Saint Joan of Arc Joan of Arc lived an extraordinary life and accomplished incredible feats during, her brief lifetime. Joan is in a league of her own. As a girl at an absurdly young age and with no military knowledge, she convinces the Dauphin of France that she is a messenger from god and helps lead the almost diminished French force drive the English away from French soil. Her remarkable clairvoyance to foresee future events and for things to fall magically in place at least at the beginning of her career, compels adept to take in her saintly powers or in her connection with a higher being. Joan of Arc was born at Doremy in champagne on January 6, 1412. Witnesses claim that the roosters of the village hailed her birth by crowing long before dawn. She was born to a wealthy farmer, Jacques Darc, and his wife, Isabelle. Joan never learned to read or write but was very skilled in spinning and sewing. Villagers regarded her as a pious child, and many often saw her kneeling in church, absorbed in prayer. At the age of 12 she first became conscious of her voices. At first it seemed that it was simply a voice that would tell her to Be good and go to church (Pernoud 19). Soon the voices would be accompanied by a light, and she identified them individually as being St. Catherine, St. Margaret, and St. Michael. The voices became insistent, often telling her two to three time a week that she should go to France and present herself to Robert Baudricourt who commanded for Charles VII in the neighboring town of Vaucouleurs. A month later she traveled with her uncle to see Baudricourt, but with small-scale success, as he told her uncle to Take her home to her father and give her a good whipping (Pernoud 50). Joan... ... more astonishing, her ability to bring France to victory during the battle of siege of Orleans where the French were completely surrounded and defeat was almost certain. Her ability to produce wonders one after the other makes one hard pressed not to believe in her saintliness. Joan is a saint and her actions can only be categorized as miracles. Joans life is astounding by any measure, even when one separates the fact from fiction. BibliographyBrooks, Polly Schoyer Beyond the Myth The Story of Joan of Arc. New York Houghton Mifflin Co, 1999. Pernoud, Regine. Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. New York Scarborough House, 1994. Price, Patrick. JoanNet 2004. Feb 2004. http//maidjoan.tripod.com Shaw, Benard. Saint Joan. England Penguin Books, 1924. Williamson, Allen. Joan of Arc Online Archive 2003. Feb 2004. http//archive.joan-of-arc.org

Monarchy/Episcopalianism Government

The advantages of a Monarchy establishment are it only has one ruler. The government and the state are in high power and in a single persons hands. These states are called a moguldom or empire. Another advantage is the power of the king or supreme magistrate has limitations by the constitution. It likewise gives less control to the ruler then despotism but also makes the population happier and more productive. The advantage of an Episcopalianism government is unity of structure, style and doctrine in spite of appearance church service government. The disadvantage of a Monarchy is that you have more control over the people in your empire. in that locationfore, the production capabilities within the cities will be very limited. The disadvantage of Episcopalianism government is authority is given to an office not a person. (Acts 636), (Acts 1423). Republicanism/ Presbyterianism Government The advantages of a Republicanism government are citizens can participate in government and g ive in that respect opinions. There is no totalitarianism citizens can elect representatives to office. The advantages of a Presbyterianism government it is an high-minded system for the maintaining of proper church discipline.It is also based on scripture principles it is the nearest teachings of the Holy Scriptures on church government. Christ is the great head of the church universal. All church government must be subject to him alone (Ephesians 523 Colossians 118) The people have a right to substantial of government of the church. But all things must be done decently and in order. (1 Corinthians 1440 Acts 1423) (Romans 31 1 Timothy 63-5) (Galatians 421) The disadvantages of a Republicanism government are you cannot maintain martial law in a city under this government.The perverting thing about trading is you cannot have prosperity in your empire because the senate approves everything you do. The disadvantage of a Presbyterianism government is it has not totally removed all of the debase and errors in the churches that have adopted it. It greatly reduces much time and effort in the decision-making, politics, and parties attitude. Has little or no accountability to the larger community of believers. res publica/Congregationalism Government The advantages of a Democracy government are everyone has a voice in the decision-making. Citizens have the same rights and freedoms and all citizens are equal before the law.They also have equal power it also safeguards the interest of the people. It is known for stability, firmness and efficiency. The advantages of a Congregationalism government are the church appears to be independent in the brand-new Testament, it also recognizes the importance of individual believers. It also accepts the bible as a sufficient rule in matters of faith and practice. The disadvantages of Democracy is it citizens because it does not establish dictatorship of majority. It ignores the minority and the minorities are oppressed if no party gets absolute majority coalition governments are formed.(Romans 131) (Peter 213-14)The disadvantages of a congregationalism government are there are too many people foster independent spirits and opinions. It forms easy church splits and can lead to lack of history or past. There is too much authority given to an office competitiveness and lack of unity. (Matthew 1818-20) In conclusion, I believe all of the forms of government can be of good nature where the government is concerned. It is also elements of all three forms of church governments in the New Testament. They all intertwine as co-existing in the government in many forms and fashions and bring a balance to our government as a whole.

Franchising †Fast food Essay

Now a days, closely victuals is becoming a cheap and yet a popular way for people who are too busy to cook. But the cheap price of the flying food is nothing in comparison to the true price that these people are paying. every(prenominal) 4 out of 10 adults in the USA will become obese in the next 5 years if they keep eating this food the way they are. Eating tight food like this is causing major(ip) health risks. Since this food is so cheap, it makes it convenient for people to go out and know food instead of staying home to cook. In addition, unfaltering food companies are trying to tar grasp kids.If the companies arrive at to the kids at a young age, they will get hooked on the food. Because of all this, people need to stop eating fast food before it gets out of hand. This fast food world has bed covering tremendously around the globe, and obesity has shortly followed. In addition to this it has also brought heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and many other types of illne sses. Fast food isnt only make people fatter, but its also increasing peoples chances of obtaining type two diabetes. Peoples muscles and fat cells that restrain type two diabetes retrogress the ability to take in a sugar called glucose from their blood.The glucose builds up and reaches very high levels and because of this they get damage to the eyes, neuropath (loss of feeling), kidney disease and heart disease. Most of the people who have type two diabetes are obese or overweight. A long-term study between the link of fast food, obesity and diabetes were examinationed. It compared the people who would eat fast food at least twice a week to the people who ate it less than once a week. The results showed that the people who are more fast food rack uped active 10 pounds more then the people who are it less than once a week over a fifteen-year period.Eating fast food can cause many diseases such(prenominal) as Hypertension, Heart Disease, Cancer, Gall Bladder Disease and E. coli , which is one of the worst forms of food poisoning. E. Coli is spread done undercooked burgers and it is very difficult to cure. 4 % of the people who have this poison develop hemolytic uremic syndrome and close to 5 % of the kids who develop this die. E. Coli is now becoming the major reason for renal failure for American kids. People would rather spend their money on a cheap burger that tastes good compared to a burger that tastes just as good for six times the price.The great thing about fast food is that over these many years their products taste hasnt changed. The whole hold out of buying fast food, has become so routine, so thoroughly unexceptional and mundane, that it is now taken for granted, like brushing your teeth or stopping for a red light. Says Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation. Millions of people a day are buying fast food because its so convenient to get to. Todays economy is also dropping and because of this going out to buy fast food has become easier to feed peoples families. rather of a family going out to a restaurant to feed the family for 60 dollars, they can go to a fast food restaurant and spend about one third of that. These fast food restaurants are making a lot of money off this cheap food With the money they make, they spend most of it for announce to grab peoples attention Since most kids watch TV they are the ones that are affected most by this McDonalds spends billions of dollars on advertising each year. Most of the kids know Ronald McDonald more than they do their own president. Just about 30% of all children each day eat fast food according to a Harvard study.This is part of the reason why America is the fattest country in the world. According to Alan Green, on average, kids who eat fast food gain an extra 6 pounds in weight each year. The numbers, though alarming, are not surprising since billions of dollars are spend each year on fast-food advertising directed at kids, said lead author Dr. David Ludwig, dir ector of the obesity program at childrens Hospital Boston. Borzekowski says that most people prefer the brand fries compared to unbranded fries and the same results were found about branded chicken nuggets and non-branded chicken nuggets. Its no surprise that branding works, says Borzekowski. In another test done by Borzekowski, they took two burgers from McDonalds and put one in a non branded wrapper, Borzekowski had the kids try both and astonishingly most kids tasted a difference in the two burgers. The majority of the preferred the McDonalds wrapped burger. McDonalds also finds ways of getting to the kids, because in Seminole County, the kids are rewarded with Happy Meals if the have a nearly perfect attention or it they do well on their report cards.In fact, Stuart Elliot of the New York Times says that the Florida schools are using childrens report cards to help own sales at McDonalds . Kids can get a number of Happy meal choices such as four chicken McNuggets, a Hamburger and nonaged fries or a cheeseburger with apple dippers. These kids are being rewarded with fast food, which is part of the reason that they are becoming obese. The concepts of conformity and organizational homogenization, while abhorrent in a democratic society, can actually aid big businesses and more specifically franchises in promoting quality assurance and brand loyalty.Large corporations, such as McDonalds, are able to maintain stability and control by removing any factors that may create unfamiliarity for their customers. The goal of McDonalds is to create a fast food empire founded on conformity to ensure a common experience. For example, everything from the menu, to the restaurant facade, to the golden arch flag waving proudly beside our American flag, demonstrates their efforts to create a sense of comfort through familiarity.McDonalds target market expects the same service, experience, and product whenever they enter a franchise location. Large corporations severalize the power of consistency and the importance of conformity within their ranks. When Ray Kroc says, We have found out that we cannot think some people who are nonconformists. The organization cannot trust the individual the individual must trust the organization, Kroc was trying to emphasize the importance of conformity and need for trust in the organizations goals. Kroc had created a successful formula and needed his employees to share his vision.The American fast food industry has make a significant impression on our social and stinting landscape. The concept of flipping burgers has become synonymous with entry level employment for teens and other unskilled laborers. The industry employs hundreds of thousands of people at all levels. The industry also occupies a prominent place in our popular culture. From commercials on television, to the ads on the side of the bus, to the billboard on the side of highway 95, the fast food industry has made itself a visible force in the Americ an economy and pop culture.The fast food industrys size also allows it to play a significant role in our political system. Companies such as McDonalds have a keen interest in labor, tax and trade policy. while Ray Krocs vision of conformity and trust in the collective over the individual contradicts our concept of a free society, it is essential to the success of a company using the franchise business model. Consistency and organizational trust are the keys to ensuring customer familiarity and brand loyalty.

Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation

Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by lifelike agents and can buoy be split into two primary(prenominal) categories. Abrasion (or corrasion) is the glaciers use of angular debris, held by the ice, to scrape away at the underlying rock. Evidence of this in an argona undergoing glaciation be scratches on rock known as striations. Plucking involves the glacier freezing on to blocks of rock and pulling them away. Meltwater will assist in this plucking process blackmail builds up behind a protrusion of rock and so causes melting.The meltwater penetrates any cracks and freezes around the rock (regelation) which is then pulled out by the glacier. Weathering is similar to erosion in that it includes the breakup of rocks, just not the transportation of the materials formed as does erosion. The specific definition of weathering is the breakup of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. The weathering of a rock by freeze-thaw action (or frost shattering) may break up rock in periglacial conditions before glaciers advance.At the early stage of corrie formation freeze-thaw action and by chance chemical weathering will weather rock beneath the accumulating patch of snow (the process of nivation). During glaciation, meltwater will give rise to freeze-thaw action at the base of the glacier. raise the wallop of glacially eroded landforms on human activity The impact of glaciation on human activity has been considerable both in lowland and highland areas. (David Jones and Lawrence Kimpton 2000).This question focuses on how human activity has been affected by glacial erosion. The most recent glacial period began approximately 30,000 years ago and stop 10,000 years ago. At its peak 29% of the Earths surface was covered by ice in comparison to 10% covered today. Sea level throw by at least 100 m and the beach was as much as 150 km further east along the Atlantic coast, thus forming land bridges between North America and Asia, which allowed for the migration of animals and humans to previously glaciated areas.Glacial eroded landforms include the features horns (pyramid shaped peaks), arites (knife shaped ridges), cirques (a public treasury shaped depression found in mountains), erratics (boulders), valleys, tunnels and lakes. These landforms have affected human activity in various ways, including tourism, communications, farming and settlement and industry. Many highland areas that go through the effects of prolonged glacial erosion during the Pleistocene have require significant centres of tourism.Highland areas both those glaciated in the past and those with glaciers remaining today, are major areas of tourism because of the spectacular scenery and their suitability for wintertime sports. The Cirque-arete- till landscape attracts hill walkers, scramblers, climbers, mountaineers, photographers, botanists, skiiers, snowboarders, hang gliders, painting, canoeing, sailing etc. In Britain, the Highlands of Scotland have become an important centre for summer holidays and winter skiing, whilst the National Parks of Snowdonia, the Lake District and Peak District are visited by millions of tourists each year.Areas such as the Lake District are increasingly popular for short weekend breaks. The attractions of these areas for tourism owe much to the effects of glaciation. The sharply defined peaks, deep U-shaped troughs and numerous lakes are all lofty landform features and provide these uplands with their attractive scenery. The rugged landscape appeals to many weekend hill walkers and mountaineers. The lakes which provide a range of activities -sailing, canoeing, swimming- and possess their own pleasant climates have become important centres of tourism.Large carapace winter tourism is promoted in the Alps and similar locations by the existence of permanent snowfields and the heavy winter snowfall. Avie much is one of the bountifulst winter tourism centres in Britain with several ski runs on the upper slopes of the Cairngorms. Communications are also affected by glacially eroded landforms. Glaciated valleys aim natural routeways through high mountain landscapes and lower areas e. g. the Mohawk Gap that leads to New York. Settlement and Industry can hug the glacial trough floor, which lots provide transport routeways.Many aspects of transport and communications -by land, sea and waterways -have been affected to a considerable degree by glacial action. In many upland areas, glacial breaches and troughs a great deal form the just routeways suitable for communication by land. This situation is exemplified in the Highlands of Scotland where communications links by land north, and west of the Glen more(prenominal) are extremely difficult. Much of the land surface lies over 1000 metres above sea level, and consists of rugged mountains with launch, precipitous slope and badly drained moorlands.The front of numerous lochs and fjords, hemmed in between high mountains, has effe ctively prevented any significant north-south routes being developed, even along the coast. Glacial breaches across the major watersheds form the only realistic routeways. Only two railway lines traverse the region -from Dingwall to Kyle of Lochalsh via Glen Carron and from Fort William to Mallaig via Lochs Eil and Ailort. All of the road links between Glen More and the west coast rely on glacial breaches which connect westwards and eastwards facing troughs. Glaciated highlands with high snowfalls present hazards such as avalanches.As the pressure of development increases, as in skiing areas, the impact of avalanches on people and settlements becomes greater. They are cause when the snow pack is destabilised suddenly by a loss of cohesion between course forming layers in the snow. Glacially eroded areas can lead to a channelled avalanche by which the avalanche progresses down a gully. Avalanches can block roads and railways, get down off power supplies and telecommunications and u nder extreme conditions, destroy buildings and cause loss of life. Therefore, glacially eroded landforms have impacted human activity, leading to management programs.For exemplar Juneau, in Alaska, has a high avalanche risk. Many houses and businesses lie in the direct path of known avalanche routes and thus the various management schemes as seen above were discussed, and some put in place to protect the now habituated area. However, avalanches only present problems to certain areas. Slopes, for avalanches to occur, are usually greater than 22 degrees however less than 60 degrees, beyond which point it is unlikely that any significant snow pack will build up. Avalanches also tend to occur more often in spring when the temperatures rise and the snow pack has been accumulating all winter.Prosperity can be gained from the industrial development available due to glacially eroded landforms. Glacially eroded landforms offer scope for hip production, with their steep, deep valleys for s torage and rock lips providing sites for dam construction. Hydroelectric power (HEP) is the most widely used renewable form of energy. Although globally it accounts for only 6 percent of all electricity generated, in some countries it provides much more. Norway, for example, produces 96 percent of its electricity from HEP. The scale of HEP schemes varies enormously.In some Alpine villages, small HEP generators supply the power for a single house or hotel. At the other extreme, large HEP stations feed directly into the UK national grid. The advantage of HEP is that running costs are very low and power is instantly available. The main disadvantages are that initial building costs are high, the visual impact might impose on _or_ oppress the scenic value of a landscape, and the demand for energy is often some distance away. The positive impact of this on human activity can however have some negative impacts. Some ecological damage is also caused if the migratory routes of fish, such as salmon, are blocked.Fish ladders are sometimes built to avoid this problem. Also, when water passes through HEP schemes, the effect of the good drop can be to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in the water. This can be harmful to fish, causing gas peach disease. HEP in Britain is mostly generated in the glaciated uplands of North Wales, Cumbria and the Scottish Highlands. This is, because, firstly, mountain areas receive the highest rainfall in Britain. For a successful scheme to keep in line there must be a, reliable supply of running water otherwise the turbines will not turn.Secondly the physical relief is favourable. Glacial troughs, steep stream gradients, hanging valleys and lakes provide the ideal conditions. If natural lakes do not occur, glaciated valleys are relatively cheap to dam because they tend to be pin up and steep sided. Water which is used for HEP is not wasted, it then carries on down the valley. If the valleys are dammed, and the shape of the glacial troughs makes this very straightforward, then the water can be collected and sent to cities in areas of the country where there is perhaps not as much rain as in the highland areas.Glaciers impact human activity here by provide drinking water direct in some areas rivers like the Rhine and Rhone are fed from glaciers. There is a fear that they may dry up if global warming melts the Alpine glaciers. People in La Paz, Bolivia have water from nearby glacier as public supply. People in the Rhone valley channel glacial meltwater to irrigate their crops. Llyn Peris is a moraine dammed overdeepened ribbon lake, and provides water for Llanberis in N. Wales.Lake Vyrnwy in mid Wales occupies a glacial trough which was flooded in 1889 by building a dam across the valley. Glacially eroded landforms affect human activity both positively and negatively. Avalanches burst inhabitants of the area to great risk, however, they still choose to live there. The positives include tourism, an industry which at present day is thriving and the attractions of these areas owe much to the effects of glaciation. HEP power provides areas with renewable energy and areas with drinking water and natural routeways are provided by glacial erosion.

Plato and Aristotle: An Analysis Essay

Determining the outflank unionize of semi policy-making association was important to the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and each of them expressed his conviction in important works such as the Republic and Politics. In explaining, comparing, and contrasting the governmental philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, it is evident that each of them overlap the same goal of identifying and promoting the best unionise of political government. They excessively shared in common the same philosophy regarding the origins of a political state. The State arises, Plato says through Socrates in the Republic, out of the call for of mankind. (Plato) Aristotle agrees, and declares that the state is a political partnership that exists for purposes of self-sufficiency as well as for the sake of living well. In other words, the State exists in crop to provide for the well-being of its citizens. Aristotle expresses this in Politics when he argues, the good life is the purpose of t he city-state. (Aristotle) Furthermore, both Aristotle and Plato agreed that Man is by nature a political animal, because he has the ability to express his thoughts about justice.Their respective analyses reflected their respect for justice, and their elevation of it to the highest priority. In the Republic, Plato defines just political rule as a system in which each interest is satisfied to the proper extent and everyone has what is theirs. The philosophers have the knowledge they want the warriors have the honors they want and the commoners have the goods and pleasures they want, under the enlightened guidance of philosophers and warriors. The methods of Aristotle and Plato were quasi(prenominal) in many ways.They both utilized logic, evaluations of contemporary administration, and lengthy comparisons of various types of political rule to arrive at their conclusions. As citizens of ancient Greece, they both shared much the same outlook on society, religion, morality, and politi cs. They also shared similar historical perspectives, and their perceptions of contemporary events were formed through the same philosophical context. One of the contrasts between their methods is that Plato used analogies to make his points.He examined a political state by comparing the state with the human soul. Unlike Aristotle, he also used a style of approach in which he made his points through dialogues involving Socrates. He also designed an ideal state run by people he referred to as The Guardians which differed from Aristotles approach in Politics, in which style and form more closely resembled an essay or monologue. In Politics, Aristotle emphasized that correct political rule involves pursuing policies which are to the common advantage of the most people.Aristotle reasoned that rulers who placed their own interests above everyone elses had no political legitimacy, for their tyranny brought slimy upon their own people. Aristotle described the best forms of political rule as kingship, aristocracy and polity, and described the worst forms as tyranny, oligarchy and democracy. Plato was also harshly critical of tyranny, and described it in the Republic as, not a matter of minor theft and violence, but of wholesale plunder, sacred and profane, private or public. (Plato) Both mens methods heterogeneous a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of each form of rule.Aristotle criticized Democracy because its consequences were rule by the multitude, which causes injustice. He criticized Oligarchy because its consequences were rule by the wealthy, which also causes injustice and he criticized tyranny because its consequences were dictatorship, which again causes injustice. In terms of the merits of the citizenry, Aristotle notes that the people may collectively be the best judges of certain things, so it is justified for them to allow in part in deliberations. But like Plato, he feels that the common people are not qualified to share in the highest off ices.Both Plato and Aristotle also agree that laws need to be made in accordance with the regime, and agree that the more just a ruler is, the more just the laws will be. Essentially, both Aristotle and Plato asserted that the goal of politics should be justice. One difference between them is that Plato believed that the best claim to rule was education and virtue, although he conceded that there is also a claim to rule establish on wealth and on numbers. Another difference is that Aristotle emphasized that the most important task for a leader was to be a lawgiver, and to frame the impound constitution for the city-state.In Aristotles system, it was the leaders duty to provide enduring laws, customs, and institutions for the citizens. According to Aristotle, once the constitution was in place, the ruler needed to take the necessary steps to maintain it, to implement reforms when he considered them necessary, and to guard against any subversion of the political system. Aristotles em phasis on a constitution sets him away from Plato, who considered philosopher kingship the best form of political rule. Aristotle described a constitution as a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state, and as the way of life of the citizens.(Aristotle) He also speaks of the constitution of a community as the form of the compound and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution. (Aristotle) It should be noted that notwithstanding the fact that Aristotles political views were influenced by Plato, he was very critical of the ideal city-state set forth in Platos Republic. He based his reproof on the grounds that Platos ideal city-state overvalued political unity, embraced a system of communism that was impractical and inimical to human nature, and neglected the happiness of the individual citizens.In contrast, in Aristotles view of the ideal State each and every citizen would possess moral virtue and the equipmen t to carry it out in practice, and thereby reach a life of excellence and complete happiness. All of the citizens would hold political office and possess private property because one should call the city-state happy not by looking at a part of it but at all the citizens. (Aristotle) In conclusion, the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle were both concerned with identifying and promoting the best form of political association.In works such as the Republic and Politics, they used similar methods of analysis to evaluate the best form of political rule. For Aristotle, the best form of political rule corresponded to the best way of life for a human being. Since the best way of life is living nobly and according to virtue, the best political form of rule is the one which promotes this kind of life. For Plato, the best form of political rule was Aristocracy, for it involves rule by the best people in the political community. Bibliography Aristotle. Politics. youthful York Dov er Publications, 2000. Plato. Republic. New York Viking Press, 1955.

Cold Comfort Farm Essay

Stella Gibbons frosty Comfort Farm is a story of a young woman named plant life Poste, and the result of her life aft(prenominal) the cobblers last of her parents. She begins her new life living with Mary from the rich aristocratic side of London. However, rather than getting a job and working, she decides that she would like to live in the existent world for her upcoming novel she plans to write within the next thirty years. In order to do so, Flora Poste decides she wants to live with relatives that are not needfully wealthy but rather interesting in a literary perspective for experience. Through this decision, she declines marriage, as well as living with wealthy cousins, and leaves for cool Comfort Farm to live among her first cousin, Judith Starkadder.Cold Comfort Farm is an old cursed farm inhabited by pessimistic hard-working poor individuals. Flora Postes arrival is barely welcomed as she learns to understand and adapt to the new miserable culture of Cold Comfort Farm. She learns of how her father had committed a fantastic sin that no one speaks of, for which she wants to atone for her fathers wrongdoing. She learns of her Great Aunt Ada Doom, who has secluded herself from society and lives in her room alone collectable to the sin she had seen Robert Poste commit at youth. However even through all these downfalls, Flora Poste keeps a high head up and attempts to change life on Cold Comfort Farm.Flora Postes character is shown through her interaction with the people of Cold Comfort Farm. An example of this is when Flora Poste meets Miriam who is in labor, and explains to her how her situation mess be resolved through protection and explains her knowledge of family planning to her. Flora Poste shows her sincerity when she interacts with Rubin. After fashioning tea for him, he angrily tells Flora Poste how she cannot do the jobs that Rubin can. Rubin is worried, however Flora Poste explains how she does not want the farm, and how she would leave the farm to people who know how to handle it, such as Rubin, which makes him think twice. Slowly, Flora Poste is tidying up Cold Comfort Farm.Flora Postes interference on Cold Comfort Farm society turns into a positive influence. She grows with her relatives and aids them with their conflicts. Flora Poste aids her preach cousin through a magazine ad of a Ford vehicle she aids Adam with his cleaning and helping him with his someoneal issues. However, the one person she cannot seem to get through to is her Great Aunt Ada Doom, who refuses to listen, and consistently tells Robert Postes child that she saw something nasty in the woodshed.At a family meeting, any individual has explained the positive influence and changes in their lives thanks to Flora Poste. The only person that is not happy with this is Great Aunt Ada Doom. Even after a conflict arises, Flora Postes positivity brings happiness with everyone. It is learned that every member of the family was miserable and pin down, always aiding Aunt Ada Doom and neer being truly happy. Aunt Ada Doom feels that everyone has left her and betrayed her. Flora Poste then aids Seth with becoming a movie star by bringing by Mr. Neck, who is looking for upcoming English movie stars and chooses Seth with no questions asked. Even when Great Aunt Ada forbids Seth from leaving, he leaves anyway.Towards the closing curtain of the story, Aunt Ada Doom and Flora Poste have a long conversation together, which results in a new change. At Flora Postes cousins wedding, Aunt Ada Doom arrives in fancy clothing and explains that although the wedding did not go the way she wanted it to, she has learned to be rose-colored and is very happy at the wedding and compliments the bride and groom on how beautiful they look together. Aunt Ada Doom then talks or so her great niece, Flora Poste, and how her influence has changed her life. It is essential to say that a smile appears out of Aunt Ada Dooms lips.The influence that Flora Post e has on Cold Comfort Farm ends up changing the mood of the society. Her relatives end up pursuing their dreams and in return find true happiness. Originally these people, were trapped under the influence of Aunt Ada Doom, who saw something nasty in the woodshed, Whatever it was she had seen ruined the mood of everyone in Cold Comfort Farm, due to her isolation, and neglect of respect for anyone, including herself. Flora Poste brings out everyones inner respect by giving respect primarily, she never brought herself down and always kept her head up, making her influence that much stronger.

Issues with Social Development in Adults

In my research on issues of social development in adults, I found adjustment and consistency in social participation plays a key role in early adulthood. I felt the need to choose and touch on this topic because I have the tendency to be a social butterfly and I overly lost a dear friend that perpetrate suicide from social isolation. I chose this article because after reading it I felt as if the cultivation was solid and backed up with surveys and facts. I also felt as if the topic was thoroughly examined and the article gave a lot of helpful information about this particular issue with social development in adults.Social interactions and activities play a key role in the physical health and well being in adulthood. It is healthy and fun to be approximately friends, loved ones, and even relationship partners. Making plans, going out, and being social gives one the since of self worth. Further more, the lack of desire and absence of social receive and participation can cause on e, such as in the incident of my friend, to become depressed, self-isolated, and have suicidal thoughts and/or even commit suicide. In the return that I would need to write a research paper on this topic, I would use this article.I would use the article because it has a lot of information about the topic and has many different details and survey information. This would all help my research and provide me with information to include in my paper. The authors, Harry Reis and Yi-Cheng Lin, research was to determine if age-related changes in social relationships and to see if interaction patterns would stay the same from college years to adult- hood. They researched a variety of different things like opposite-sex socializing, intimacy and satisfaction in adulthood, and implications for social development during early adulthood.

The Business Report of the Australian Major Footwear Retailer

The Australian UGG Company Major Assignwork forcet The transaction insure of the Australian major footwear retailer-UGG Table of content 1. 0. Executive summary4 2. 0. Introduction5 2. 1. Background of UGG Company5 2. 2. Assumptions and limitations5 3. 0. Overview of the market5 4. 0. The marketing environs5 4. 1. The Micro surroundings5 4. 1. 1. Key competitors6 4. 1. 2. Other environment6 4. 2. The Macroenvironment6 4. 2. 1. Demographic environment6 4. 2. 2. Economic environment7 4. 2. 3. Political environment7 4. 2. 4. Cultural environment7 5. 0. Product7 5. 1. The three level of the product7 5. 1. 1.Core Product8 5. 1. 2. Actual Product8 5. 1. 3. Augmented Product8 5. 2. Brand, packaging and labeling9 6. 0. Target atoms9 6. 1. Demographic particleG abateer, eld and life-cycle stage segment9 6. 1. 1. Evaluation the necessitate and wants of the segment (key users pull ahead)9 6. 1. 2. The market positioning of the segment10 6. 1. 3. The trend of the segment11 6. 2. geograp hical segment11 7. 0. The product categories11 7. 1. Evaluation of the categories11 7. 2. The trend and teaching of the categories11 8. 0. Conclusion12 9. 0. Recommendations12 10. 0. Reference list13 1. Executive summaryThe following report analyses the demographic segment which is classified by sexual activity and age-cycle is addressed by The UGG Company. Firstly, the report briefly describes the background of UGG. Secondly, it shows a general impression of the footwear market and identifies its microenvironment and macroenvironment. Thirdly, it emphasizes the product of UGG and points out the three levels. Fourthly, it judges the two variable segments and illustrates the demographic segment in detail. Then, the report also exhibits its product categories. Finally, it draws a conclusions sum up and gives the recommendations.The secondary information which has dummy up relationship to marketing is the sources of the report. For example, academic journals, textbook, statistics f rom formal organizations and companion websites and newspaper. There be some assessments to evaluate the field of marketing in The UGG Company after assessing. There argon two main recommendations for The UGG Company to mend its business 1. UGG should improve marketing information system in order to do some research to satisfy customers needs and wants. 2. UGG should utilize sustainable real to produce products aiming at undertaking its social responsibility and gaining reputation. 0.Introduction 2. 1. Background of UGG Company The UGG Company was first established in California by Brian Smith, a fresh surfer from Australia (Deckers Outdoor Corporation, 2009). It was acquired by Deckers Outdoor Corporation in 1995. Thompson (2004) reports that the sale astonishingly increased from $250,000 to $11. 75 million between 2003 and 2004. The distinguish becomes national and year-around nowadays because of more than 70 fit out styles except its classical-style boots and slippers (T hompson, 2004). He also mentions that the sales project in 2004 was set up at $75 million which was in double growth of 2003s. 2. Assumptions and limitationsThe limitation of the report is not enough adequate information presenting. With the development of globalization, the company should take actions depending on the varied plenty to have a strong position in its marketplace. 3. Overview of the market IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) defines the footwear retail as a connection between the manufacturing company and customers. It also identifies that the shoe retail is mainly concerned virtually purchasing and promoting attractive shoes without any change to the customers. Other activities such as customer service, cash handing are also involved in the footwear retail (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009).According to the statistics by IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009), the industry has revenue of $2475. 0 million between the year 2008 and 2009. But meanwhile, it experienced a real growth of -2. 9%. 4. The ma rketing environment 1. The Microenvironment 1. Key competitors Footwear market is a competitive marketplace because of globalization. There are 3,238 retails providing large rate of appealing shoes to customers in Australia and there are 48 sheepskin retails among them (Yellow Pages Australia, 2009). Barack (2008) recognizes that in the present environment it is a difficult task for retailing to uphold the aforesaid(prenominal) revenue as before.Other famous brands like Chukka boots and Rocky are the direct competitors to UGG (Wikipedia, 2009). IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) asserts that Ascendia Retail Pty Limited is the top indirect competitor to UGG because it holds 16% of the Australian market. Followed by that, Betts Group Pty Ltd takes up 6. 8%. And 77. 2% of the market is made up of opposite companies such as NIKE Australia and Foot Locker. 2. Other environment The footwear retail industry including UGG often depends on resellers which belong to marketing intermediaries like My er to promote its goods.And the market for UGG is consumer markets which individuals purchase shoes for personal use. 2. The Macroenvironment 1. Demographic environment According to the research by IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009), the demand of footwear retail is affected by age which involves three generations multiplication X, Generation Y and Baby Boomers. Generation X and Y stand for aged 32 to 43 and 14 to 31 respectively. The former group accounts for 42. 0% of the footwear sales in the end of 2007 the latter group has 30. 0% of that. Baby boomers which have aged 44 to 62 account for 25. 0% of the share (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). . Economic environment Consumer sentiment index, profession weighted index and Real Household Disposable Income play vital roles in the footwear retail industry. Firstly, IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) points out that consumer sentiment index represent the consumers cartel of economy. It also mentions that trade weighted index has a signifi batht effect on cust omer demand for imported footwear. Furthermore, income is closely related to customers purchasing power. For instance, wealthy customers have more buying power to choose whatever they like. 3. Political environmentThe Australian government performed a policy which led to an massive change in the world of Australian footwear retail. It reduced the protection of the Australian footwear sector in the mid-1980s (Webber &Weller, 2001). They indicate that the footwear industry has to structure in the modern world in Australia because of globalization. 4. Cultural environment Cultural issues also shape the marketing decisions. Wikipedia (2009) asserts that boots was originally invented by the people who live in cold countries to protect their foot in low temperature environment. Australians form a habit of wearing boots in winter to keep warm. . Product Footwear can be classified into the category of shopping products which are evaluated in the aspect of comfort, character, price and st yle. 1. The three level of the product 1. Core Product The core benefit that consumers are really purchasing in the market of footwear is to protect their foot. According to what customers existently want, UGG provides sheepskin footwear which can control the temperature of the bare feet to close to the body regardless of the temperature outside, especially in winter in order to keep customers warm (Deckers Outdoor Corporation, 2009). . Actual Product Actual product defines as a products parts, styling, features, brand name, packaging and other attributes that combine to deliver core product benefits (Kotler, Brown, Adam, Burton and Armstrong, 2007, p. 388). Deckers Outdoor Corporation (2009) claims that the philosophy of UGG is to provide well-off, advanced quality, attainable as well as fashionable products aiming to deliver core benefits. It also points out that UGGAustralia is relatively well-known brand because it is the worlds largest purveyor of grade-A sheepskin.Furthermo re, actual product of UGG includes its relevant sheepskin care product which is a unique product to retain customers. 3. Augmented Product A number of authors propose that increase product is additional consumer services and benefits built around the core and actual products (Kotler et al. , 2007, p. 388). UGG creates a website to give convenience for customers searching information and knowing more about UGG. Moreover, UGG provides not only sales service telephone number and e-mail address, but also aftersales service to maximize customer satisfaction (Deckers Outdoor Corporation, 2009).These impalpable augmented products contribute the value to the core product in order to gain competitive advantage. 2. Brand, packaging and labeling UGG achieves in the selection of brand name because its brand name can be distinguished from its competitor and easy to recognize. Currently, UGG uses brand extension strategy to launch new products in mens footwear. In addition, UGG labels made in A ustralia in the packaging to differentiate from others. 6. Target segments Due to differential needs and wants, the market can be divided into three segments Gender, Age and life-cycle stage and Geographic segmentation (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009).The target group for UGG is the demographic segment which classified by gender and age-cycle. 1. Demographic segmentGender, Age and life-cycle stage segment 1. Evaluation the needs and wants of the segment (key users benefit) Classifying segments effectively can bring success to the company (Dibb and Simkin, 1991). Kotler et al. , (2007) assert that gender segmentation has been widely used in the business of footwear. Therefore, the category of footwear retail can be categorized into three main parts women, men in concert with children and infants footwear.IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) evaluates that womens footwear occupies a preponderating position in the market because it holds 50. 0% of the Australian market share. However, mens footwear as w ell as childrens and infants footwear has the same percentage which takes up only half of the percent of womens footwear in the market share (25. 0%). UGG Company uses differentiated market-coverage strategy to target several market segments and offers several different products. UGG sells the shoes of women as well as men, but it started from women boots originally.It seems apparent that the frequency of purchasing shoes for women is much high than men. Consequently, UGG focuses on women want initially. Women select their desired shoes in the aspect of styles and colors (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). Typically, women regard the styles and colors as fashion. Most of them will try their top hat to follow the current fashion. Deckers Outdoor Corporation (2009) declares that providing fashionable products is one of the objects of UGG Company to satisfy the women want of fashion.In the modern world, many famous stars like Julia Roberts wearing the boots of UGG causes a fashion of wearing UGG boots (Blakeley, 2004). Compared with women, men are more concerned with the price and quality of the shoes. According to Deckers Outdoor Corporation (2009), UGG Company offers the footwear which value comfortable and the highest quality in order to attract men customers. It also claims that UGG Company only use the perfect material to produce products such as the highest quality leathers, suede and the worlds finest sheepskin to keep user warm and comfortable.For instance, the company only uses vegetable-based dyes and put shoes in refrigerated container to prevent thawing when transfer (Palmeri, 2006). 2. The market positioning of the segment The UGG Company chooses product differentiation as its positioning strategy. Deckers Outdoor Corporation (2009) promises that it produces accessible luxury products to differentiate from other competitors. For example, Womens footwear of UGG is range from $60 to $400 (Hirshlag, 2006). As a result, the behaviors of buyers who buy the produ cts of UGG are affected by their economic situation. 3.The trend of the segment Currently, men prefer daily and fashionable street shoes rather than athletic shoes (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). This trend brings new opportunity to the company. OLoughlin (2005) demonstrates that UGG Company expands its business by crossing gender lines to target men. Sales to men of UGG are up to $53. 4 billion in 2006 (Thompson, 2006). 2. Geographic segment IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) lists the footwear retailing locations in Australia by states. A number of authors claim that the geographic segmentation brings benefit in satisfying local differential needs (Kotler et al. 2007). For example, Victoria can be thought of a competitive and mature market in terms of high average income. According to the information by yellow pages Australia (2009), there are 13 retails selling the products of UGG in Victoria. 7. The product categories 1. Evaluation of the categories The UGG Company supplies a strong market fo r unique footwear to outwear (Wilson, 2007). In brief, it involves a strain of boots, casual, slippers and accessories (Deckers Outdoor Corporation, 2009). The category satisfies a variety of customers desires. The unique boots bring warm and luxury to buyers.The series of casual shoes meet the expectation of customers who prefer casual lifestyle. The slippers and accessories offer a varied choice for customers. Moreover, the company also provides care products for customers to take great care of the sheepskin shoes for the sake of retaining customers. 2. The trend and development of the categories Edelson (2009) reports that the company will focus on its outwear line in future to appeal more customers who seek sheepskin outwear. She also mentions that the company is kindle in expanding the collection of accessories and designing handbags for UGG fans. . Conclusion From analysing and evaluating the statistics searched, we can conclude that UGG can target the demographic segment wh ich is classified by gender and age-cycle effectively. It takes the microenvironment which includes marketing intermediaries, customers and competitors together with macroenvironment which involves demographic, economic, political and cultural environment into consideration. Furthermore, it identifies the emerging trend of the product categories and discovers the opportunity for attracting potential customers to make the profit as high as possible.However, UGG still lacks in force(p) information about marketing intelligence and research. 9. Recommendations 1. UGG should improve marketing information system in order to do some research to satisfy customers needs and wants. David (1989) emphasizes that marketing research can assist marketing managers perform and recognize the market segments well. For UGG, the company should design some survey to collect primary data to analysis customer preference such as the colors, size and length. 2. UGG should utilize sustainable material to pr oduce products aiming at undertaking its social responsibility and gaining reputation. UGG should bear using vegetable-based dyes and healthy material. 10. Reference list Barack, L. (2008). From Ugg to Utterly Impressive. On Wall Street, 18(9), 64. Blakeley, K. (2004). Foot Fetish. Forbes Global, 7(1), 20. David, C. (1989). Trends of Marketing Research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 7(9/10), 17-24. Deckers Outdoor Corporation. (2009, September 29). Retrieved November 05, 2009, from http//www. uggaustralia. com. au Dibb, S. & Simkin, L. (1991). Targeting, Segments and Positioning. external Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 19(3). Edelson, S. (2009).Ugg Taps Nichols for Outwear Line. Womens tire out Daily, 197(103), 9. Hirshlag, J. (2006). Uggs First Boutique Set to Bow in SoHo. Womens Wear Daily, 192(116), 16. IBISWorld. (2009, October 14). Footwear Retailing in Australia (G5222). Retrieved from IBISWorld database. Kotler, P. , Brown, L. , Adam, S. , Burton, S. and Armstrong, G. (2007). Marketing (7th ed. ) French Forest, NSW Pearosn Education Australia. OLoughlin, S. (2005). UGG Step up Licensing, Tries Appealing to Men. Brandweek, 46(21), 11. Palmeri, C. (2006). Sensitive Soles. Businessweek, 3987, 14. Thompson, S. (2004). Ugg Australia.Advertising Age, 75(44), 19. Thompson, S. (2006). Ugg, others take a shot at gender bending. Advertising Age, 77(21), 4-6. Webber, M. & Weller, S. (2001). Trade and inequality Australias textile, clothing, and footwear industries, 1986-1996. Journal of Economic Geography, 1(4), 381. Wilson, B. (2007). Ugg goes for Gold Coast. WWD Womens Wear Daily, 194(80), Wikipedia Foundation. (2009, November 14). Retrieved December 12, 2009, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boot Yellow Pages. (copyright 2006). Retrieved November 06, 2009, from http//www. yellowpages. com. au

The Issue Of Reflection Education Essay

Contemplation as defined by the Oxford English lexicon ( 1993 ) means idea originating in the head and head means seat of consciousness, thought, will, and experiencing . It seems thus that consideration, in an every twenty-four hours term is around believing that involves will and feeling, therefore expression is truly soulal as we atomic number 18 all totally persons.So, if manifestation is believing why argon we being assessed on it, and how can it be assessed as for cert ain we all think otherwise. Are brooding model suppositional accounts, an assistance to assist me believe or an assistance to assist the assessor s buttockss me? Am I being misanthropic or is cynicism right observation? Have we bury how to believe? Are we populating in an age where the gait of life is so fast that people do nt hold clip to believe any more(prenominal)(prenominal)? Is that why contemplation is now being incorporated into course of studies or is it to heighten attainment and the fo rming of constructs and connexions? Is it to do me gain what my ain thoughts are, and which are person else s? Or is it as King and Kitchener ( 1994 cited Moon 2001, p.8 ) propose to dispute my learning and thereby better my cognitive baron?At first I thought that contemplation was a complicated issue, but so I learnt that it was near thought. When I foremost received this assignment I thought that I would truly bask it, as I would be able to be creative but whilst consulting during the carry out of roll uping my portfolio, and researching for my brooding essay, I produce become resentful, non because I am immune to alter but because I feel that it is intrusive and a small patronising to give me person else s theoretical account or formula of how to believe. It seems that Moon ( 2001, p.16 ) would hold with me as she suggestsAre pupils told to reflect when really they will merely follow a formula ( e.g. set inquiries rigorous attachment to the Kolb meter ( Kolb, 1984 ) ) ?Make pupils have their contemplations as kids own their drama? From my personal experience I would implore to resist as when I employ the brooding theoretical account of Price ( 2002 ) to reflect upon my unit A assignments I found it smother and found myself over-inflating my beliefs of segregation so that I would hold mostthing to compose about in that portion of the model.Bolton ( 1998 ) would propose that my defensive attitude is a get bying scheme and that I am defying change and development . Whereas Lifton ( 1961 cited Atherton 2003 ) describes the function of idea reform as brainwashing . For me these theoretical accounts are harsh sense and hence I have been resentful towards them.During one of our lessons we were given a sheet of reputation with brooding theoretical accounts on it and asked to take one to reflect upon our presentation. Personally, I had already reflected upon my presentation short instantly after I had finished it, so once more in more abstrusi ty in my auto on the manner place and so once more in even so more deepness when I discussed it with my hubby, read all the presentation press releases, and compared my presentation with everyone else s. Therefore personally I do nt experience that I learnt anything by utilizing Price s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account. However I have since learnt upon reflecting on my acquisition manner that the bulk of my acquisition features are that of the wishful thinker ( Cottrell 2003, p.63 ) .One of the strengths of the dreamer is to reflect and measure good. Therefore I can appreciate that Price s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account whitethorn be more good to possibly, the leaner with logistician features as Cottrell ( 2003, p.63 ) proposes that their learning country to be developed is personal contemplation . However I do non experience that pupils can be pigeon-holed into certain learning types, although I must acknowledge that most of my features were gre ase on with Cottrell s ( 2003 ) dreamer larning manner. It would look that contemplation has been good to me after all, as it has made me sensible of my learning manner or manners and made me gain that the usage of brooding models are smothering for me, hence I have thought approximately, reflected upon and learnt something from the experience . It seems that my learning experience is related to Boud et Al s ( 1985 ) definition of contemplation as they defines it asA generic term for those rational and effectual activities in which persons engage to research their experiences in order to take to a new apprehension and grasp ( Draper 1999 ) .It seems that Boud et al view contemplation from the scholar s point of position, underscoring the relationship of the brooding procedure and the learning experience. For simile I have learnt from the experience of utilizing brooding model theoretical accounts that I find them smothering.Whereas Dewey ( 1993 ) defines contemplation asAn activ e persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed signifier of erudition in the visible radiation of the evidences that support it and the farther decision to which it tends ( Draper 1999 ) .Dewey positions contemplation as experiential acquisition and that each experience influences future experiences. For instance Dewey may hold that from the racial bias that I discussed in subdivision two that I take this experience with me to future experiences. For illustration through seeing some of the black citizens of Africa deformed via non being inoculated against infantile paralysis I have non hesitated to inoculate my kids against diseases such as infantile paralysis, epidemic parotitiss, rubeolas and German measles.Therefore a past experience can inform a present experience, such as whether I should let my adolescents to be inoculated against meningitis.Sch & A ouml n ( 1993, 1987 cited Moon 2001, p. 3 ) focal points on contemplation in professional cognition and its development. He has identified two types of contemplation. These are reflection in bodily process and reflection on action . Sch & A ouml n proposes that these types of contemplations are used in alone state of affairss, where the practician is unable to use theories or techniques antecedently learnt through perfunctory instruction ( Moon 2001, p.4 ) . It would therefore look that reflection in action and reflection on action are extremely good to the attention and educational industries as practicians are working with persons who are more frequently than non, text book illustrations. Reflection is a cardinal portion of my child care principle as I work with kids and households who are persons with alone qualities. This means that every clip I do an activity I may adopt to make it otherwise as I will necessitate to see the person demands of the child/children and that of their parents.For illustration, if you were a mill worker and you packed bars your contemplation in a ction would nt take as long, because you would be working with inanimate objects. Therefore your contemplations may be more matter-of-fact whereas in my occupation I am covering with babies, yearlings, kids and grownups, hence my contemplations are changeless and are more likely to be based upon emotions, as I am working with persons who have emotions excessively. As the chief ethos of my pattern is to handle each kid and household member as persons, I therefore reflect in action throughout my on the job twenty-four hours and reflect on action , sometimes instantly after an action, and sometimes subsequently in the eventide. For illustration when a parent arrives they may inform me of the feverish weekend that they have had. This information that I am provided with affects my contemplation in action. For illustration if I have been informed that a kid is likely to be really tired forthwith and I have planned a feverish twenty-four hours, I would be believing on my toes and accomm odate the yearss activities to suit a slumber in for that kid.It would look that contemplation is a paradox as there are many different significances and types of contemplation, the above being merely a few. What is evident though is that contemplation is really complicated which is dry sing that thought is really easy. Possibly so it is non the procedure of contemplation that is difficult, the thought but, it is covering with the emotions that reflection brings. Possibly I am being assessed on my contemplation abilities as they are of import to my holistic personal, instruction and pattern development. Possibly my cynicism in the debut is salubrious as,No adult male who worships instruction has got the best out of instruction Without a soft ostentation for instruction no adult male s instruction is complete.Gilbert K. ChestertonI surely feel that I have got my initial disdain for contemplation out of my system as I have realised that contemplation has helped me do connexions suc h as the nexus between my learning manner and seting the practical authorship of assignments false for every bit long as possible.Contemplation has as King and Kitchener proposed improved my cognitive ability , as I now have a better apprehension of contemplation and myself. I too feel that pupils do have their contemplations as they own their yesteryear experiences which they draw upon during contemplation. Personally I do non like brooding model theoretical accounts but I appreciate that they can be really good for pupils who find contemplation hard.

Response to Beauty and the Beast

In every socialisation and throughout every extension the presence of fairytales and folklore has been evident, because just as each culture has its own morals and manners, so does every culture need its own fairytales to represent what is weighty to those people at that time in that bug out.While there atomic number 18 many fairytales told to children around the world every year, there be n unmatched so famous as dish aerial and the Beast by Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont, a story in which a small maiden who is kind-hearted and loving to her baffle learns to love and appreciate a Beast, looking beyond his appearance to his soul.This fairytale represents a massive deal of the important morals and set that atomic number 18 important to every generation, especially during the time it was written. The canonic belief in effectualness, faithfulness to ones family, and the ability to love someone for who there are and not what they are becomes the themes of this fairytal e, and the interpretation of its meaning becomes apparent through analyzation of the characters and their actions. Fairytales can tell us a great deal about the time and place in which it was developed.Beauty and the Beast was written in 1756 by a French writer living in England and was based upon a folktale that was well-known at the time. The author wrote it to be included in a book for use by governesses when teaching their vernal female scholars of quality, and therefore by analyzing it the audience can learn about the images of lessons that would induct been taught to progeny girls. All of the major characteristics expected of young women are embodied by the character of Beauty selflessness, studiousness, a love of reading, hard-working, and devoted to her dumbfound and family.Young girls would have been able to look up to a character give care Beauty, and society would have encouraged girls to be like her. The main character, after all, is faithful to God, obedient to he r father, and sorrow to her family despite the fact her sisters are selfish and jealous. She works hard even when her father loses their fortune and she is forced to run a household without luxury. The story also stresses the importance of keeping ones promises.In the one instance where Beauty does not keep her promise to return to the Beast in one week she is overcome with guilt and runs back to him, to find that he is nearly dead because of retirement for her. When she does the right function and keeps her word, she is rewarded with the Beast becoming a prince who gives her his kingdom. During a time and in a place where a girls formal education was more geared towards rearing them to be good daughters, wives, and mothers than scholars, these traits would have resonated with the girls who were looking for heroes to mirror themselves after.Like any good fairytale, Beauty and the Beast involves toy. Each generation loves romance and loves the thought of oversteping in love and of a young woman meeting her prince. In this peculiar(prenominal) fairy tale, that is slightly different because the love interest isnt a handsome prince at first, scarce a Beast. At first the Beast appears to be kind caring for he father when he completes up stranded at the castle, leaving him food, and providing a place for his horse to stay. Yet, when the father picks a bloom for his daughter Beauty we see the angry, frightening side of the Beast.With Beauty, however, we only see the caring side during their pine conversation every night at 9 oclock, when he would join her for a meal. Beauty describes him as being kind and good, and that is sufficient. Every night he would ask her to marry him, having move completely in love with her for her beauty and her kindness of heart. When Beauty decides to marry him for his goodness and is able to discharge his appearance and his lack of sense, Beast turns into a handsome prince and Beauty is given a kingdom to formula next to him .This romantic aspect of the story has drawn in many fans, but it also conveys an important message to those who read it and use it as a moral allegory. The story is meant to show that it is not what is on the outside that counts, but what is on the inside. This theme is one of the oldest and most cliched, but it is a lesson that was thought to be important to young people hundreds of years ago, as well as today. Literature from this period and of this type is known for its symbolism and this demands interpretation to understand how it all fits together.The first object that requires a deeper look is the go up, which becomes the thing that creates the entire storyline. When Beautys father leaves and he asks his daughter what she wants him to bring back, she asks simply for a rose. When her father takes the rose from the Beasts garden he is confronted by the Beast, who says that he loves his roses more dearly than anything, and that in payment he demands either the fathers life or o ne of his daughters.Of course, Beauty submits herself to whatsoever fate she will have at the Beasts hands, but what is interesting about the rose is that she becomes, in a way, the Beasts most prized possession, much like the rose itself. At the end of the fairytale the two greedy sisters are turned into statues by the fairy, who says they will remain that way until they regret of their wrongs and so they can always see Beautys joy.The morals of the time would have taught young women to not be selfish, and that being that way would turn them into bitter old women, just as the sisters are turned into statues. The fairytale of Beauty and the Beast is one that is widely known and loved. Movies, books, and cartoons have all been make based on it, and in terms of literature, it holds up as a story that is beautiful and that would have been used to teach morals and values to generations of young women.While times change and the definition of womanhood changes with it, the values taught within Beauty and the Beast are not all to be disregarded. The idea that we can fall in love with someone for who they are and not how they look is one that still resonates, and the ability to be the best we can be and do what is right is also a value that everyone should embody. This story was meant as a moral allegory to young women and children, and today it still stands up as a fairytale to be told through the ages.

Hamlet †Shakespeare Essay

small town is a moral avenger in a foul up and unjust world. He is the only person who questions the moral atmosphere of Denmark but is driven to act irritationally because of the wo placed on him by the world. Hamlet attempts with his duty to his stick, his disillusionment with himself, his strike stand on Claudius, his mothers sudden remarriage, the purpose of the ghost and the mess up nature of Denmark. By not informing the audience of the intentions of the ghost, Shakespeare keeps them pursue by creating disillusionment finished Hamlets repugn for the truth.Furtherto a greater extent, Shakespeare continues to engage audiences by presenting ideas of duty and rottenness which are shown largely through the characterization of Hamlet. Hamlet struggles with his thoughts and feelings. The degree to which his alienation and melancholy signalled in his behaviour varies from production to production due to his fathers death. O that this withal too solid frame would melt, th aw and resolve itself into a dew, or that the everlasting had not fixed his canon educest self-slaughter. O God, God, how weary, stale, monotonic and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world (Act 1 injection 2).This quotation is Hamlets showtime soliloquy which signifies his first thoughts about suicide and how the world seems weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable. It conveys that he sees the world as a neglected garden grown foul. It also uses extended metaphor to articulate his strong desire to recess in peace. In other words, Hamlet finds suicide a desirable alternative to life in a painful world but this option is closed to him because it is forbidden by religion. Hamlet exposes the run away of his depression weariness, despair, trouble, anger, nausea, loathing and horror, resignation.The importance of this soliloquy lies in its establishing of Hamlets personality and revealing his affable condition. It presents Hamlets struggle for life and the disillusionment he feels towards the world. Through this, the audience therefore gain a closer relationship with Hamlet, and are absorbed by him because they are able to resonate with his circumstances, as he is faced with enduring truths of the human condition. Hamlets disillusionment with himself is largely driven by the disgust towards his mothers sudden remarriage. In Act 1 Scene 2, Hamlet is dressed to kill(p) in b miss, signifying grief for his gone father.His appearance contrasts strikingly with the costumes and attitudes of the courtiers celebrating the wedding of Claudius and Gertrude. In this soliloquy, Hamlet describes his intense disgust at his mothers second marriage to his despised uncle so soon subsequently his fathers death. Hyperion to a Satyrthose shoes were old with which she following my poor fathers embody (Act 1 Scene 2). He describes the haste of their marriage through irony, noting that the shoes his mother wore to his fathers funeral were not worn out before her marria ge to Claudius.The technique metaphor and juxtaposition are apply to recall his dead father as infinitely superior to Claudius (his father was so excellent a king, a Hyperion which is the sun god while Claudius is a bestial satyr, a lecherous creature, half-man, half-goat). He recalls how tenderly and protectively his father loved his mother, and how passionately she loved him. Hamlet condemns the marriage and struggle to accept that his mother betrayed his father but sorrowfully vows silence. Here, the audience is pursue through a thick(p) understanding of Hamlets emotional feelings and the circumstances of betrayal in a relationship.Hamlets struggle for the truth of the fantasms intentions engages audiences with many possible interpretations that follow. In Act 1 Scene 4, Hamlets meditation on human nature is interrupted by the appearance of the Ghost. He sees it as a questionable shape, and the question it poses for him will haunt him for much of the play is it dear(p) or ev il? Hamlets uncertainty whether the Ghost is an agent of God or the devil is expressed in three vivid antitheses and three rhetorical questions Be thou a feel of health, or goblin damned, bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, by thy intents wicked or tendersay, why is this?Wherefore? What should we do? (Act 1 Scene 4). The Ghost claims he is the spirit of Hamlets father and orders him to revenge his murder. In Shakespeares time, revenge was forbidden by state and church service alike. The Church considered revenge as a sin for which the revengers soul was damned, condemning him to suffer everlasting torments after death. Therefore, the Ghost is seen by audiences as a devilish spirit sent to tempt Hamlet into an process that will result in his suffering for eternity. Here, audiences are engaged through Shakespeares dramatic discussion of Hamlets struggle for the truth and his disillusionment with the Ghost.Hamlet is hungry for revenge, but unsure if he knows th e truth. His thoughts, emotions, and desire for action struggle with each other. In the soliloquy of Act 4 Scene 4, triggered by Fortinbras ruthlessness, Hamlet begins to realise his excessive over-thinking. It dawns upon him that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on theventI do not know why yet I harp to say this things to do, sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means to dot.Due to his delays in action, Hamlet criticizes himself as a coward, with insults in the soliloquy O what rogue and peasant slave am I why, what am I (Act 2 Scene 2). Hamlet is self-abusive in his expressions and shows deep depression through the comparison of himself to the lowest and most worthless thing he can think of. Hamlet himself is more prone to apprehension than to action, which is why he delays so long before seeking his revenge on Claudius.Hamlets struggle to take action builds the cl imax passim the play and keeps audiences engaged with the many questions and interpretations that follow from his indecisive and uncertainties to bring action upon his duty to his father. Hamlet is polarised due to his disillusionment with the corrupt state of Denmark. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural predict indicating that something is rotten in the state of Denmark (Act 1 Scene 4).This personification indicates that King Claudius is what is rotten in Denmark. The melodic phrase spoken by Marcellus help create the sense of corruption that will grow increasingly throughout the play. He expresses disgust at the physical corruption that follows death in the metaphor Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clay,/ might stop a hole, to keep the wind away (Act 4 Scene 1). As Hamlet surveys the rather pathetic remains of Yorik, he realizes that even a praised man like Caesar has by now become a bit of clay that may be used to patch a lowly farmhouse wall.Like the body of a king going through the guts of a beggar, as part of the naturalness of the cycle of death, he presents the idea that the body of man is part of the earth and goes back to earth. Hamlet becomes especially concerned with the meaning of existence in addition to that of those around him, and he finds it backbreaking to reason what may become of him after his worldly life. He questions whether mans spirit is grievous and after all, does the legacy people leave behind really matter when theyre dead?Consequently, Hamlet hesitates to take action upon his revenge on Claudius and struggles to find an answer to the questions he consistently asks himself. Here, audiences are presented a rather detached view of events that continues to engage them through the dramatic treatment of struggle and disillusionment of Hamlet. In conclusion, it is clear that Hamlets life contains many minor problems that make up the big problem. The Ghost of his father appearing to him is what began Hamlets morality and excessive thought. Thus, melancholia causes Hamlet a lot of grief and struggle to remain alive in this ambiguous world.Hamlet questions his own nobility, and deciding that he must die to be noble is a contributing factor in Hamlets lack of haste in murdering Claudius. Further, the internal struggle between contemplation and action, as well as the struggle to accept human mortality itself represents the audiences own struggle to comprehend the nature of tragedy. His struggle with uncertainty and the engagement that emerges between fate and freewill have a universal relevance as they continue to be key existential concerns, which strike a chord with contemporary audiences.

Fish Anatomy

FISHERIES BIOLOGY AND counseling External angle variant The following illustration of a large oral cavity low shows some of the habitual external features that argon apply to describe the differences among angle species. Fish atomic number 18 animals that be cold- pitched, nourish quintuples and a dressingb iodin(a). Most tip puzzle scales and breathe with branchias. There be about 22,000 species of look for that began evolving roughly 480 cardinal years ago. The largemouth billustrated abovethe ordinary torp equal (fusi phase angle) shape associated with many look fores used by the fish to maintain its position, question, bespeak and eat up.They be either angiotensin-converting enzyme quintets alonthe centerline of the fish, such(prenominal) as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or pai rubor fins, which take the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fishes such as catfish tolerate a nonher fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin, c alled an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily att devastation to fish to not twine over onto their grimaces. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins financial aid with stee besiege, stoppingand hovering.Scales in almost boney fishes (most freshwater fishes other(a)wise than gar that brace ganoid scales, and catfish which eat no scales) are either ctenoid or rounded. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid have smooth locomote edges. Ctenii are tiny, comblike projections on the exposed (posterior) edge of ctenoid scales. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales represent of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fishes too have a very significant mucous secretion layer covering the body that helps prevent infection.Anglers should be careful not to rub this slime murder when handling a fish that is to be released. free state Envirothon 1 In many f reshwater fishes the fins are supported by spines that are unbendable and whitethorn be rather scheming thus acting a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard sharp fins that anglers should be wary of. The emollient dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are slight rigid and frequently branched. The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are passing vascularized giving them their bright red cover.An operculum (gill cover) that is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills. Water is inhaled through with(predicate) the mouth, passes over the gills and exhaled from beneath the operculum. Fish see through their eyes and can detect color. The eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by mthe lens in and out, not distorting it as in mammals. water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have mathematical functionicularly well developed senses of smell. larger it is the bigger the prey it can consume.Fish hava sense of taste and may exemplification items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. any(prenominal) are primmostly other fish). The merchandise grass carp is one and only(a) of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous (eating plants). Fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species. Fishchain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. early(a) fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which timber like a loopy neighborhood at the campaign of the mouthor vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth, for example, in the roof of a stripe bass mouth.Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are fixed in the throat. that are open to the water through a series of pores (creating a line on the side of the fish). The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movemen t in the water. immediately in front of the anal fin. are used to describe the differences in the midst of fish that are described in to a greater extent detail below. doctor Envirothon 2 front of thhollow and house and protect the fine spinal cord. SPINAL pile Cbrain, as well as in BRAIN Thbehaviors attended here.LATERAL LINEOsense reed organs detectunderwater vibrations and is capable of determinthe direction of their source. (See supply 8 of The City Fisher for m reading. ) SWIM (or AIRBLA hollow, gas-fillbalance organ a fish to conserve energyby maintaining neutral airiness (suspending) in water. Fish caught fromvery thick(p) water some snips need to have air releasreleased and return to deep water, dusurface. Species of fish that do not possess a overwhelm bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming. GILLS Aif the fishKIDNEY ed from their swim bladder before they can be idney is alsbody, allowing sure(p) fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater, and in s ome cases (such assnook or tarpon) both. Maryland Envirothon 3 STOMACH AND INTESTINES Break rarify (digest) fo Fish such as tilapia that are herbivomatter is commonly tough and fibrous and more(prenominal) difficult to break down into usable components. A great commode about fish feed habits can be determined by examining stomach contents. PYLORIC CAECA This organ with fingerlike projections is located upright the junction of the stomach and theindigestion, may functio VENT The site of waste extermination from the fishs body.LIVER This important organ has a number of functions. It abrimportantas playing a role in nitrogen (waste) excretion. HEART Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen avakidneys an GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS) In adult female bass, the bright oranbufertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and wh(or roe) of certain fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviare from sturgeon. MUSCLES Provide movement and loco drive. This is the part of the fish that is usually eaten, and Measuring a Fish of the fish with the mouth closed and the tail fin aying along a tape amount, then pinch the tail fin closed and determine the totality distance, do NOT pull a flexible tape measure along the curve of the fish. Conversely, most marine (saltwater regulations) refer to the fork length, and scientists oftenuse standard length which is to the end of the fleshy part of t Maryland Envirothon 4 aby minor damage to the tanor does it give too much creditto a fish for the relatively light weight tail when calculatingfishs condition. childs play is best calculated with a fabric ruler, such as tailors use.It can also be determined by force a string around the fish at its widest point marking wherethe string overlaps and then mthe overlap points on a conventional ruler. Knowing the snap is important when tryingcertify a fish for a record, and provides efficacious information Using total length and girth you can get a rough estimate of a fishs weight using diverse formulas. Length-Weight Formulas to Estimate Fish Weights biologists use. The equation is Log (weight in grams)= -4. 83 + 1. 923 x Log (total length in millimeters) + 1. 57 x Log (girthmillimeters). A 22 long bass w A quick, though very rough, estimate of torpedo shaped fish like unfledged bass can be obtained by using Total Length (in inches)-squared, times girth (in inches) divide by 1200. A 22 long Another common land option used for estimating bass weights is Girth (in inches)-squared, times length (in inches) dual-lane by 800. A 22 long bass with a girth of 15 How Fish go alternately on each side first toward one side and then toward the other, results in a series of wavers travel down the fishs body.The elevate part of each wave thrusts against the water and propels the fish forward. Maryland Envirothon 5 This type of movement is quite clearly seen in the freshwater eel. Because movement of the head back and forth exerts drag, which consumes addit ional energy and slows travel, a great many fishes have modified this snakelike motion by keeping the waves very small along most of thelength of the body, in some cases showing no obvious movement at all, and then increasing them sharply in the tail region.It is the end of the traveling waves that moves the tail forcefully backand forth, providing the main propulsion for forward motion. A simpler form of tail propulsion seen in such inflexible-bodied fishes as the trunkfish, which simply alternates contractions of all the muscle blocks on one side of the body with those on the other side, causing the tail to move from side to side like a sculling paddle. Some of the predatory bony fishes are the fastest swimmers they can cruise at speeds that are between 3 and six times their body lele0. 8 km/hr (0. mph), swim very slowly others, such as the salmon, which may reach a sustainespeed of 13 km/hr (8 mph), move much express and it has been estimated that tuna may reach speeds of 80 km /hr (50 mph), and swordfish, 97 km/hr (60 mph). admission to Aging Fish What Are Otoliths? directly behind the brain of bony fishes. There are common chord types of o 1. Sagittathe largest of the 3 pairs of otoliths involved in the detection of sound and process of hear 3. Lapillusinvolved in the detection of gravitational force and sound (Popper and Lu 2000) re are many different shapes and sizes of otoliths differenOtoliths are important to scientific age and growing studies. This figure shows the growth go of a sagittal otolith segment viewed under reflective light. The darker area or translucent zone represents a period of fast growth. The whiter area or muddyzone represents a period of slower growth. The age of the fish is estimated by reckoning the annuli, or opaque plentys, of the thin sections, as one would count rings on a tree to determine its age. Maryland Envirothon 6 Before age data can be used, the mode of estimating age by counting annuli must be validated for each species to which it is applied.There are several ship canal to validate age, or read that one annulus is equal to one year. Most obvious readiness be to simply rear fish from spawn, sacrifice the fish after a few years, and contrast the number of rings to the cognize age of those fish. This process can be time consuming and expensive. It also creates the possibility of abnormal growth patterns caused by laboratory settings (Campana, 2001). Although this method may not be applicative for validating annular ring formation, a similar method is effective in validating day-to-day ring formation (Campana and Neilson, 1985).To neutralise the effects of long-term laboratory exposure, tag and release of wild fish can be useful in validating annulus deposition. This figure shows the fluorescent tag of a common snook otolith. A captured common snook was injected with oxytetracycline (OTC), a chemical that is incorporated into calcium-rich structures including otoliths. The fish w as then tag and released. Seven years later, the fish was recaptured, sacrificed, and processed for aging. The OTC, which binds to the calcium in the otolith, appears as a glowing band when the otolith is viewed using fluorescence microscopy.The number of annuli between capture and recapture is also seven. Information like this is key to linking a single annulus to one year of growth, but such information relies heavily on time and chance. The age data self-collected from otolith examinations allow scientists to model growth rates, maximum age, age at maturity, and the cause of future generations. Literature write Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. http//www. floridamarine. org/features/view_article. asp? id=21978 and http//myfwc. com/Fishing/Fishes/anatomy. html. Fish and Wildlife ResearchFish AnatomyFISHERIES BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT External Fish Anatomy The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to d escribe the differences among fish species. Fish are animals that are cold-blooded, have fins and a backbone. Most fish have scales and breathe with gills. There are about 22,000 species of fish that began evolving around 480 million years ago. The largemouth billustrated abovethe typical torplike (fusiform) shape associated with many fishes used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop.They are either single fins alonthe centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fishes such as catfish have other fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin, called an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins assist with steering, stoppingand hovering.Scales in most bony fishes (most freshwater fishes o ther than gar that have ganoid scales, and catfish which have no scales) are either ctenoid or cycloid. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid have smooth rounded edges. Ctenii are tiny, comblike projections on the exposed (posterior) edge of ctenoid scales. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales composed of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fishes also have a very important mucus layer covering the body that helps prevent infection.Anglers should be careful not to rub this slime off when handling a fish that is to be released. Maryland Envirothon 1 In many freshwater fishes the fins are supported by spines that are rigid and may be quite sharp thus playing a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard sharp fins that anglers should be wary of. The soft dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are less rigid and frequently branched. The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized givin g them their bright red cover.An operculum (gill cover) that is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills. Water is inhaled through the mouth, passes over the gills and exhaled from beneath the operculum. Fish see through their eyes and can detect color. The eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by mthe lens in and out, not distorting it as in mammals. water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have especially well developed senses of smell. larger it is the bigger the prey it can consume.Fish hava sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Some are primmostly other fish). The imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous (eating plants). Fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species. Fishchain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardifo rm teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouthor vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth, for example, in the roof of a striped bass mouth.Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat. that are open to the water through a series of pores (creating a line along the side of the fish). The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water. immediately in front of the anal fin. are used to describe the differences between fish that are described in more detail below. Maryland Envirothon 2 front of thhollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord. SPINAL CORD Cbrain, as well as in BRAIN Thbehaviors processed here.LATERAL LINEOsense organs detectunderwater vibrations and is capable of determinthe direction of their source. (See Issue 8 of The City Fisher for minformation. ) SWIM (or AIRBLA hollow, gas-fillbalance organ a fish to conserve energyby maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water. Fish caught fromvery deep water sometimes need to have air releasreleased and return to deep water, dusurface. Species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming. GILLS Aif the fishKIDNEY ed from their swim bladder before they can be idney is alsbody, allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater, and in some cases (such assnook or tarpon) both. Maryland Envirothon 3 STOMACH AND INTESTINES Break down (digest) fo Fish such as tilapia that are herbivomatter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components. A great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents. PYLORIC CAECA This organ with fingerlike projections is located near the junction of the stomach and theindigestion, may functio VENT The site of waste elimination from the fishs body.LIVER This important organ has a number of funct ions. It abrimportantas playing a role in nitrogen (waste) excretion. HEART Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen avakidneys an GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS) In adult female bass, the bright oranbufertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and wh(or roe) of certain fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviar from sturgeon. MUSCLES Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is usually eaten, and Measuring a Fish of the fish with the mouth closed and the tail fin aying along a tape measure, then pinch the tail fin closed and determine the total length, do NOT pull a flexible tape measure along the curve of the fish. Conversely, most marine (saltwater regulations) refer to the fork length, and scientists oftenuse standard length which is to the end of the fleshy part of t Maryland Envirothon 4 aby minor damage to the tanor does it give too much creditto a fish for the relatively light weight tail when calculatingfishs condition. Girth is best meas ured with a fabric ruler, such as tailors use.It can also be determined by drawing a string around the fish at its widest point marking wherethe string overlaps and then mthe overlapping points on a conventional ruler. Knowing thegirth is important when tryingcertify a fish for a record, and provides useful information Using total length and girth you can get a rough estimate of a fishs weight using various formulas. Length-Weight Formulas to Estimate Fish Weights biologists use. The equation is Log (weight in grams)= -4. 83 + 1. 923 x Log (total length in millimeters) + 1. 57 x Log (girthmillimeters). A 22 long bass w A quick, though very rough, estimate of torpedo shaped fish like young bass can be obtained by using Total Length (in inches)-squared, times girth (in inches) divided by 1200. A 22 long Another common option used for estimating bass weights is Girth (in inches)-squared, times length (in inches) divided by 800. A 22 long bass with a girth of 15 How Fish Swim alternatel y on each side first toward one side and then toward the other, results in a series of waves traveling down the fishs body.The rear part of each wave thrusts against the water and propels the fish forward. Maryland Envirothon 5 This type of movement is quite clearly seen in the freshwater eel. Because movement of the head back and forth exerts drag, which consumes additional energy and slows travel, a great many fishes have modified this snakelike motion by keeping the waves very small along most of thelength of the body, in some cases showing no obvious movement at all, and then increasing them sharply in the tail region.It is the end of the traveling waves that moves the tail forcefully backand forth, providing the main propulsion for forward motion. A simpler form of tail propulsion seen in such inflexible-bodied fishes as the trunkfish, which simply alternates contractions of all the muscle blocks on one side of the body with those on the other side, causing the tail to move fro m side to side like a sculling paddle. Some of the predatory bony fishes are the fastest swimmers they can cruise at speeds that are between three and six times their body lele0. 8 km/hr (0. mph), swim very slowly others, such as the salmon, which may reach a sustainespeed of 13 km/hr (8 mph), move much faster and it has been estimated that tuna may reach speeds of 80 km/hr (50 mph), and swordfish, 97 km/hr (60 mph). Introduction to Aging Fish What Are Otoliths? directly behind the brain of bony fishes. There are three types of o 1. Sagittathe largest of the 3 pairs of otoliths involved in the detection of sound and process of hear 3. Lapillusinvolved in the detection of gravitational force and sound (Popper and Lu 2000) re are many different shapes and sizes of otoliths differenOtoliths are important to scientific age and growth studies. This figure shows the growth rings of a sagittal otolith section viewed under reflective light. The darker area or translucent zone represents a p eriod of fast growth. The whiter area or opaquezone represents a period of slower growth. The age of the fish is estimated by counting the annuli, or opaque bands, of the thin sections, as one would count rings on a tree to determine its age. Maryland Envirothon 6 Before age data can be used, the method of estimating age by counting annuli must be validated for each species to which it is applied.There are several ways to validate age, or prove that one annulus is equal to one year. Most obvious might be to simply rear fish from spawn, sacrifice the fish after a few years, and compare the number of rings to the known age of those fish. This process can be time consuming and expensive. It also creates the possibility of abnormal growth patterns caused by laboratory settings (Campana, 2001). Although this method may not be practical for validating annular ring formation, a similar method is effective in validating daily ring formation (Campana and Neilson, 1985).To avoid the effects of long-term laboratory exposure, tag and release of wild fish can be useful in validating annulus deposition. This figure shows the fluorescent tag of a common snook otolith. A captured common snook was injected with oxytetracycline (OTC), a chemical that is incorporated into calcium-rich structures including otoliths. The fish was then tagged and released. Seven years later, the fish was recaptured, sacrificed, and processed for aging. The OTC, which binds to the calcium in the otolith, appears as a glowing band when the otolith is viewed using fluorescence microscopy.The number of annuli between capture and recapture is also seven. Information like this is key to linking a single annulus to one year of growth, but such information relies heavily on time and chance. The age data gathered from otolith examinations allow scientists to model growth rates, maximum age, age at maturity, and the trend of future generations. Literature Referenced Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Co mmission. http//www. floridamarine. org/features/view_article. asp? id=21978 and http//myfwc. com/Fishing/Fishes/anatomy. html. Fish and Wildlife Research