Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay

Drug abuse and addiction are a major burden to society. Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction — that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicted to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its ‘normal’ functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term â€Å"substance abuse† is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include: Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Parent-Child Relationship Essay

The relationship between parents and their children is perhaps one of the most important relationships among human beings. The relationship between parents and their children can determine the personal growth of children as it can likewise influence the behavioral adjustments needed on the part of parents in order to meet the emotional needs of their children. Max Apple’s â€Å"Bridging† highlights how fathers oftentimes desire to fill the void left after the death of their wives just to allow their children to recover from the loss and have their lives return to normal. Chapter Six of Art Spiegelman’s Maus offers a glimpse of how children tend to draw hatred towards their fathers for attempting to erase the memories of their mothers. Lastly, Jing-mei Woo’s â€Å"Two Kinds† in The Joy Luck Club features the story of her childhood under the pressure of her mother to chase the American Dream. All of these stories emphasize the relationship between parents and their children and its effects on the personal development of children and the struggles that parents have to face in raising their children. In â€Å"Bridging,† Max Apple tells the story of a widowed father who struggles to persuade her daughter, Jessica, to trust the world after the death of her mother. In an attempt to bring her daughter back to her original emotional state, her father tries to convince her to join the Girl Scouts. However, this first step eventually fails and her father decides to join the Girl Scouts as an assistant leader, hoping that his decision is a good starting point to bring back her daughter’s trust in the world. The story is essentially about how a widowed father is given the chance to accept the necessarily â€Å"changed† relationship with his daughter. Apple’s â€Å"Bridging† explores the parent-child relationship theme primarily from the angle of having to survive a family tragedy for the rest of their lives. Apparently, the father faces the task of serving both as the father and the mother of his daughter. It is perhaps a huge task since he has to at least persuade his daughter that he can also play a motherly image in the hopes of patching up the holes in their family left after the death of his wife. Without a mother, his daughter is deprived of the chance to grow-up under the guidance of two parents. That being the case, there is reason to believe that the father is forced by the circumstances to live-up to the expectations of his 9-year-old daughter, which is exactly why he tried to join the Girl Scouts as an assistant leader. The difficulties of the father in the story, or of any father for that matter, are perhaps more intricate if the daughter is closer to her mother than her father. The father will certainly encounter the trouble of trying to fit the motherly needs of the daughter no matter the costs are. In Chapter 6 of Art Spiegelman’s Maus, husband and wife, Vladek and Anja, respectively, are trying to sneak their way back to Sosnowiec. Art’s father recalls his experience together with Anja while trying to escape from the Nazis. One interesting part of the story is when Vladek burned the diaries of Anja after her death. They contained some of the most important memories of Art’s mother and yet, as things turned out, they were no longer available for him to read and learn more about her. Even though Art was growing getting closer to Vladek during Art’s visits to his father, that recollection—the burning of Anja’s diaries—made Art infuriated at his father. It signifies how a father’s child is suffering a great loss at not being able to learn more about his mother, which is made al the more poignant by what Vladek could only remember from the diary: a sentence that says her son would one day be interested in the contents of the diary and read them. Reading the diary of a person is like reliving the life of that person in many ways. Art could have learned more about Anja after reading her diaries and, in turn, learning more about his history and his self. However, the act of burning the diaries is like an act of â€Å"murder† precisely because Vladek destroyed the remaining memories of Anja, turning her into a barely known human being sought by the one person in this world who feels that she is more than everything in life. The predicament between Vladek and Art relays how the act of depriving a child of the memories of her mother can cast a sharp divide in the relationship of a father and his child to the point of calling the father a â€Å"murderer†. In Jing-mei Woo’s â€Å"Two Kinds† in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, two essential themes come into view: the American dream and the tension between mother and daughter in reaching for that dream. The mother, Mrs. Woo, firmly believes that diligence can eventually lead her daughter to reaching the American dream. However, it is apparent that Jing-mei is not interested at all in pursuing that dream. Her disinterest in pursuing the dream that her mother wants her to attain is best summed up in her expression â€Å"[t]hen I wish I wasn’t your daughter. I wish you weren’t my mother† (Woo, p. 142) after finally breaking her emotions for saying what she wanted to say all along, which is that she does not want to be the daughter her mother is hoping her to become. Jing-mei Woo’s differences with her mother rest on the conflict of their personal interests. The fact that her mother wants Jing-mei to realize her potential in claiming the American dream is the main reason of their misunderstandings as mother and daughter. Their case puts emphasis on the relationship strains caused by no less than differences in personal desires. At first, Jing-mei was still able to tolerate her mother’s deep desires for her and she complied with her mother’s requests despite showing lack of enthusiasm. Their Chinese culture apparently shows in the initial sections of the story, highlighting the two kinds of daughters that Chinese mothers may have: â€Å"those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind† (Woo, p. 142). Towards the end of the story, Jing-mei tries to retrace her memories with her deceased mother by playing the piano. Her act shows that no matter how deep the disagreements may be between parents and their children, there will come a time when the child will eventually learn to appreciate the value of what their parents have always wanted for them to achieve. All of the stories share the common theme of parent-child relationships. These stories teach us that the relationship between parents and their children can influence the perception of these children as they grow into adults. Moreover, parents likewise face the task of addressing the emotional needs of their children in order to ensure their welfare. Personal losses and desires of parents to ensure a better future for their children both play a critical role in shaping the harmonious relationship between children and parents. Works Cited Apple, Max. â€Å"Bridging. † Free Agents. Harper & Row, 1984. Spiegelman, Art. Maus I: A Survivor’s Tale: My Father Bleeds History. Pantheon, 1986. Woo, Jing-mei. â€Å"Two Kinds. † The Joy Luck Club. Ed. Amy Tan: Penguin, 2006. 142.

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay The character of a space or place is not simply a visual perceptual quality, as is usually assumed. The judgement of the character of an environment is a complex combination of numerous factors which are immediately understood as an overall mood, feeling, ambiance, or atmosphere. Peter Zumthor, who is one of the architects who has acknowledged the significance of architectural mood, says â€Å"I enter a building, see a room, and in a fraction of a second have this feeling about it†. The experience is multi-sensory in its very essence; however it also involves judgements beyond the five Aristotelian senses. The immediate judgement of the character of a space calls for our entire, embodied and existential sense. It could be perceived in a subtle and peripheral manner, rather than through precise and conscious observation. The aim of this dissertation is to identify the factors in architecture that constitute to the mood of a place or space; and also if the factors are universal to all the arts such as music, film, paintings and sculpture. The question sought to be answered is: What are the constituents in a space or place that contribute to the creation of a mood? The majority of the work produced by the three architects selected revolves around this phenomenological field of study. By assessing their individual relevant literary and architectural works, and extracting the common and overlapping qualities, a more profound understanding of this mood is expected to be acquired. Acknowledgments Introduction John Dewey a visionary American philosopher, who already eight decades ago grasped the immediate, embodied, emotive and subconscious essence of experience, articulates the nature of this existential encounter: â€Å"The total overwhelming impression comes first, perhaps in a seizure by a sudden glory of the landscape or by the effect upon us of entrance into a cathedral when dim light, incense, stained glass and majestic proportions fuse in one indisting uishable whole. We say with truth that a painting strikes us. There is an impact that precedes all definite recognition of what it is about.† (Dewey, Art As Experience, page 151) In ancient environmental moods there exist interpersonal moods such as cultural, social, family, work place, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The mood of a social situation can be supportive or discouraging, liberating or repressing, inspiring or dull. We can even speak of specific moods in the scale of cultural, regional or national entities. We can indeed speak of the mood of the place, which gives it its unique perceptual character and identity. Dewey explains this unifying character as a specific quality as he writes: â€Å"An experience has a unity that gives it its name; that meal, that storm, that rupture of friendship. The existence of the unity is constituted by a single quality that pervades the entire experience in spite of the variations of its constituent parts. This unity is neither emotional, pract ical, nor intellectual, for these terms name distinctions that reflection can make within it.† (Dewey, Art and Its Significance: An Anthology of Aesthetic Theory, page 206) In another context the philosopher reemphasises the reintegrating power of this experiential quality when he writes â€Å"The quality of the whole permits, affects and controls every detail.† As we enter a space the space enters us, and the experience is essentially an exchange and fusion of the object and the subject. Robert Pogue Harrison, the American literary scholar states â€Å"In the fusion of place and soul, the soul is as much of a container of place as place is a container of soul, both are susceptible to the same forces of destruction.†

Gregor Mendel's ACTUAL Paper ( NOT Others opinions of it) Essay

Gregor Mendel's ACTUAL Paper ( NOT Others opinions of it) - Essay Example Furthermore, the essay also considers the criticisms levied against Mendel’s experiments by noted geneticist R.A. Fisher, and also examines criticism relating to the paper’s rhetorical structure. The opening sections of Mendel’s paper examines past scientific formulations, with Mendel noting that while detailed experiments had been undertaken, nothing in-depth to the extent that it would allow the development of a predictive genetic structure over multiple generations. The first section in which Mendel details the tenants of his experiment is titled ‘Selection of the Experimental Plants.’ In this section Mendel indicates the specific elements he used in selecting plants for his experiment and why these plants are necessary to achieve sound results. Mendel indicates that the characteristics in the plants must be objectively determined (long vs. short stems), as well as observed in every generation (for instance color), and finally they must be able to be bred in a controlled environment. Finally, Mendel indicates that he has chosen a pea plant named a Pisum, as it fits these distinctions. In the next section Mendel details the purpose of his experiment. He states that he intends to investigate the variety in traits that are passed down over the series of generations from the breeding of plants. He distinguishes seven specific traits that he will be observing, chosen for the reasons articulated above. Mendel indicates that past experiments have determined that when two plants with differing traits are bred they exhibit traits from only one plant, not a combination or blending of the two. Mendel refers to the trait that appears in the newly bred hybrid plant as the dominant trait, whereas the trait that isn’t physically detectable the recessive trait. The first experiment section is titled ‘First Generation From the Hybrids’. This section

The Rock Musical Hair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rock Musical Hair - Essay Example The songs that originated from that idea are about letting your hair grow long, wild and free with lyrics like "My hair like Jesus wore it, Hallelujah, I adore it, Here, Baby, There, Mama, everywhere, Daddy, Daddy, Hair, Hair, Hair, Hair! Keep on growin', Keep it flowin' my Hair!" The music was loud, joyous, soulful, angry and celebratory, capturing the spirit of the New Generation of Baby Boomers who were rebelling against their parent's generation of values that stood for right-wing conservatism. The musical Hair debuted on Broadway in April 1968. It had undergone a transformation with new staging and 12 new songs added. Hair was unusual in it's staging in that it had the performers running into the audience, handing out flowers, and inviting them to participate at the end of the performance in a big "be-in" on stage. It was also unique in that much of the cast, dressed as Hippies, was scantily dressed or even appeared nude. They even had some staging where performers swung from ropes over the audience and the stage, while singing. In The New York Times, Clive Barnes wrote an enthusiastic review, praising the original production: "Mr. O'Horgan has worked wonders. He makes the show vibrate from the first slow-burn opening - with half-naked hippies statuesquely slow-parading down the center aisle - to the all-hands-together, anti-patriotic finale." 1 The unique stagin

How Have Changes In The World Economy Since 1945 Affected Room For Essay

How Have Changes In The World Economy Since 1945 Affected Room For Manoeuvre Of Multinational Firms - Essay Example The end of the Second World War brought about a variety of global changes, from the political, to the economic, the social, and the cultural. These changes helped the global recovery of many countries which were damaged by the war. Significant investments to industries and rebuilding activities were made by various corporations soon after WWII and these activities were spread out in various parts of the globe. These activities have impacted significantly on how corporations have carried out their activities. Eventually, multinational corporations rose from the ravages of the Second World War via numerous branches in different parts of the world. Various economic opportunities gave these MNCs a chance to grow; however, it also presented them with significant challenges in terms of competitive advantages and profitability. Based on these considerations and under these conditions, this paper shall now discuss how the changes in the world economy since 1945 have presented room for manoeu vre of multinational corporations. It shall discuss the significant changes seen after World War II and how these changes have provided an avenue for the expansion of multinational corporations. ... Some of these corporations opted to close their operations in these former Asian colonies, most likely in order to keep the secret of their technologies. These corporations also became more guarded with their technology, choosing to withdraw their operations from the countries rather than to allow the host nations to control these operations (Shaikh, 2010). In effect, the subsidiary operations of corporations in the former colonies declined. Through increased tariff and legislative restrictions on the corporations, corporate activities continued to decline (Glyn, 2007). After the Second World War, economic activities increased in pace and this caused MNCs to shift and adjust their activities in order to meet increasing demands on their capital, their labour, and on their legislative local host country policies (Glyn, 2007). These changes presented developmental issues to these corporations within an expanding context of globalisation and liberalism. However, just as the more liberal economic processes have presented better opportunities for expansion, these have also served to impose legislative limitations to economic growth and development (Arrighi, 1994). This discussion shall evolve around the changes and the challenges which multinational corporations have been faced with in the years following the Second World War and the changes which these MNCs have had to make in order to thrive and survive in the post-WWII era. B. Historical context and scenario for MNCs following the WWII A major shift in macroeconomic considerations and policies after WWII has been seen and this shift has been considered as a major move by Western nations using Keynesian policies to the liberal and free-market policies (Mohamed, 2008). This change has been considered ideological and is

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our Essay

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our culture - Essay Example This has led to the increase of profit margins and maintenance of the status quo of the bourgeoisies, who are the sole proprietors of the factors of production. This research paper assesses the modern American societies’ view of the term profit maximization in comparison to the traditional American society’s view of a reasonable profit and mutual benefit from an exchange. In the modern American society, profit maximization is viewed as the basis of a dominant business model. This model ensures the proper use of all the factors of productions such as labour and land. It is also necessary to note that that profit maximization does not involve the over-exploitation of customers (Calvin & Sandomir 123). This is because excellent products and services will capture the attention and loyalty of customers, thus ensuring maximization of the profit margins of any business organization. In the modern American business cultural environment, the currency trade dominates the economy. This contrasts with the traditional American economy where barter trade was perceived as the finest means of trade. The modern American society also considers profit maximization as a perfect social business. This is an emerging business system, in this American civilization era, where profit entity’s primary aim is to benefit the whole society. ... For instance, the traditional marketing economy viewed a reasonable profit in several diverse ways. First, traditional owners of the factors of production argued that an increased investment, in the capital market or fixed capital, was the basis of a reasonable profit. The assets, in the traditional capitalistic competition, were the major constant factor that increased productivity and maximization of profit margins (Lichtenstein 122). In cases of reduced margin of surplus labour, the capital market increased the production as well as reasonable profit. Traditionally, the capitalistic view of profit maximization can be concluded as primitive as compared to the modern ones. In the modern American society, profit maximization, as a result of surplus production, is acquired through technological advancements. In the traditional capitalistic competition markets, profit maximization was solely experienced though forced and harsh labour conditions. This, in turn, highly undermined the soc ial and cultural prestige of the traditional American societies. The modern America free enterprise economy has to some extent, weakened cultural practices especially in the investment strategies carried out by business organizations. Self-interest is the basis in which the modern American capitalistic competition is based upon. This opposes the traditional communalism nature where capitalistic competition was focused towards benefiting the whole society (Calvin & Sandomir 145). This, in turn, enhanced the peaceful coexistence in the marketing economy and social cohesion. Serving self-interests, in the modern American society, has led to the

CHANEL - Brand Equity, Brand Positioning, Brand strategy Essay

CHANEL - Brand Equity, Brand Positioning, Brand strategy - Essay Example Even if they are somehow surviving, that is not because of what they are but because of what they were. They are â€Å"Too Big to fail† but not good enough to succeed, move forward and grow. One cannot completely blame these brands, their marketing managers, and owners for their failure. In the last few decades, the world changed in such unexpected and ruthless way that nobody got a second chance. Moreover, in the name of globalization, increased competition and customer awareness and empowerment, life became even more troublesome for these oldies. However, there are still some brands that were able to absorb all these shocks, maintain their integrity, respect and dignity, outclassed their competitors and are still very much captivating and appealing (Koda, Bolton & Garelick, 2005). They have become symbols of class, respect, honor, and success. However, the question here is what made these brands so great that when their competitors where winding up their businesses, they were still on the road of growth? What has been their magic formula that has been strengthening them over the period? What branding strategies have kept their brand alive and intact? This paper would move further by narrowing its focus to one of the brands that fulfill the above-mentioned criteria of long historical presence and everlasting brand power. Without any doubts, Chanel fulfills these criteria qui te comfortably. Quite understandably, Chanel enjoys immense brand equity in the market and that is why it has been so successful over the past decades. According to marketing experts, there are many reasons for the same. Firstly, the long and eventful history of Chanel provides it an edge over others and contributes to its equity. Previous records of accomplishment, past history and previous customer experiences play a crucial role in branding. This is because one of the most important roles of branding is to help customers to assign responsibility to the

Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties - Essay Example (Bogdanor, 2006) Figures have however been more dismal in the past 30 years. In 2005, membership of the Conservative Party had fallen to an abysmal 250,000. Thus from 1975 to 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four out of five of its members. (Bogdanor, 2006) Interestingly, within that same period, the Conservative Party has been in power for a total of more than 15 years. Consequently, though it has been in power for more than half the total time between 1975 and 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four fifths of individual membership. The situation of the Labour Party is also very dismal. Though membership drive in 1996 had witnessed an increase of individual membership to 400,000, by 2006, membership of the Labour Party had dropped to 200,000, half its number in a space of 10 years and one fifth in the space of about 50 years. (Bogdanor, 2006) "Fifty years ago, 1 in 11 of the electorate belonged to a political party; today just 1 in 88 do. Moreover, voters feel less attached to parties than they did. In 1966, 42 per cent professed a "very strong" attachment to the party of their choice; today only 13 per cent do. That, no doubt, is one of the reasons for the increasing volatility of voters and low turnout in general elections - 59 per cent in 2001, 62 per cent in 2005." (para. 1) The high lev The high level of passivity to political party membership may also account for the volatility in voter turnout during elections. The loss of interest in political parties and its concomitant effect on electoral turnouts can be contrasted with public participation in other political issues. According to the Electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004), whereas the 2001 general elections witnessed a significant decline in voter turnouts, there was a greater willingness by the public to participate in demonstrations in 2003 on issues like the Iraq war, the funding of higher education, and the visit of President Bush. Many reasons can be given for the steady loss of interest in political parties over the years in the UK and other EU countries. The locus of political engagement has been diversified in the UK and EU over the years and this has had a great influence on the dwindling membership of political parties. The Electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004) have argued that: "Recent years have seen an increase in pressure group and 'protest' politics, indicating a more complex picture of political engagement than voting figures alone might suggest." (p. 5) The diversification of political engagement thus connotes a movement from the political party as the central organisation for effecting change in society. Traditionally, political parties, especially in the first half of the 20th century were seen as the means of achieving social change. Issues of social concern like social justice, the environment, democracy, and equality were advanced at the political party front. (Wainwright, 2008) The formation of the Labour Party in the UK in 1900 epitomises the role of agents of change that political parties enjoyed. The coming together of trade unions, workers and socialists, with the aim of changing the way the interests of the public were represented in Parliament became the bedrock for the founding of the Labour Part

Personal Statement on Philosophy of Education Research Paper

Personal Statement on Philosophy of Education - Research Paper Example From the understanding of the historical literature philosophy of education, it is worth noting that a learner or every child must be identified as a unique individual who needs to secure knowledge towards stimulating intellectual, emotional, social, and physical growth and maturity. Therefore, as an educator (Dhawan 79), it is my desire to help each student to meet his or her fullest potential in educational growth and maturity by providing for them with a safe environment that supports risk-taking and inviting sharing of ideas towards their knowledge growth and development. Notably, I believe that the three educational philosophy elements that I must apply to achieve these goals. These elements are usually conductive towards establishing proper learning and developing an environment in every learner’s education or learning process. These elements include the expectation of the teacher as the guide to any educational process; learners should be allowed to follow their natural curiosity and the same should to direct the learning process, and the last element is promoting respect among the learners. Therefore, it is understandable that it is my role as a teacher to guide and provide access to information to the students rather than being the primary source of the information to the students or learners. Hence, the learner should be in the forefront in search of knowledge such that their search of knowledge is quenched as they learn to provide an appropriate answer to their questions.... Hence, the learner should be in the forefront in search of knowledge such that their search of knowledge is quenched as they learn to provide an appropriate answer to their questions (Kilpatrick 38). Thus, the construction of knowledge needs the opportunity for discovering new practices and skills in authentic situations (Frankena 90). Therefore, as a teacher I understand that adequate access to hand on activities, as well as adequate space and time to students, is vital enable them to use the identified material to apply and reinforce acquired knowledge thereby allowing them with an individual opportunity to construct and discover knowledge. Additionally, other than providing learning materials and self-discoveries opportunities to the learners, it is vital to ensure that these materials are relevant and meaningful to the life and the interest of the learner. Achieving these targets can only be met through a constructive and thoughtful curriculum that revolves mainly around or foste rs intrinsic interests that motivate and stimulates the learner’s passion and interest (Kilpatrick 35). Therefore, curriculum is a vital tool that will help me to follow the right path towards helping the learner to achieve his or her interests and goals objectively and successfully (Elias 213). Notably, an effective curriculum can only be generated from learners’ ideas and set goals rather than creating the curriculum for educator’s self-imaginations (Frankena 132). In other words, as an educator, I will give students the opportunity to help in negating a curriculum and this will be achieved through viewing and analysing their interests. It is worth noting that when the students are taught by their own the curriculum, they will

“To Peacekeep Or Not To Peacekeep” By James Ash Essay Example for Free

â€Å"To Peacekeep Or Not To Peacekeep† By James Ash Essay In â€Å"To Peacekeep Or Not To Peacekeep† James Ash argues that if we consider both the pragmatic and ethical view we can see how peace keeping is the best role for Canadians to take. However, although Ash describes peacekeeping as essential to Canada’s identity, if we look critically at this essay you will find that Ash’s argument is flawed in numerous ways. Ash provides a subjective view in favor of peacekeeping without giving a fair representation to the disadvantages of peacekeeping. Specifically if one looks at Ash’s appeal to motive and false dilemma then one can assess if Ash’s arguments are considered credible and sound. Ash begins his essay by introducing the concept of peacekeeping through the ethical and pragmatic view. Ash describes the benefits that are associated with Canada assuming the role of peacekeeper. Ash explains different scenarios of how peace keeping can help with war. With taking on a role of peace keeping we will be saving numerous soldiers and helping parts around the world out of the hell they have been living. Ash concludes his essay with encouraging readers to get on board with a peace keeping Canada and to really benefit from what our taxes are paying for. Ash demonstrates continuously how peacekeeping is the best role for the Canadian Armed forces because peacekeeping is philanthropic and earns Canada an identity internationally. Ash attempts to convey to the reader that peacekeeping is necessary for Canadians because according to Ash â€Å"The only ethical role for a peacetime army is to try to prevent war† (349). Readers are engaged because if they disagree they are afraid that they will be morally wrong for doing so. Ash flatters with language that intimates with the readers that peacekeeping prevents war. Ash states that â€Å"it saves more lives† (349) which creates a positive subliminal association in the readers’ mind for Canada assuming a role of peacekeeping. Ash argues that â€Å"if it serves as a small sign that the world will not stand by forever and let butchers and â€Å"ethnic cleansers† have their way, then peacekeeping should be supported by even the most hardnosed pragmatist† (349). Ash’s statement makes readers feel important when they envision themselves putting a stop to such terrible acts that make this world a â€Å"living hell† (349). Ash tells readers that peacekeeping will make this world a much more bearable place to be in. Ash mentions â€Å"Peacekeeping allows Canada to be the best at something, to be famous, to earn awards† (349). With readers’ interest piqued and their egos boosted, Ash woos readers that â€Å"Peacekeeping is becoming a symbol of Canada at a time when the country desperately needs one† (349). However, Ash should keep in mind while Canada may greatly benefit from peacekeeping Ash is not willing to give any disadvantages or negative aspects to peacekeeping. By only providing the readers with what they want to hear you don’t get to hear the overall argument and this may blind us from seeing both points of view. Ash begins his essay in support for peace keeping missions by outlining what he believes are the practical reasons. For example Ash states that â€Å"A few body bags being flown home because small-arms fire can penetrate Canada’s ancient armoured personnel carriers, or because our helicopters are too decrepit to evacuate Canadian wounded, is probably the only incentive that will actually get Canada’s military the tools it needs to do the job† (349) Later in the essay he states â€Å"it saves more than it costs, if it brings even temporary relief to parts of the world that have become living hells: (349). Although Ash provides meaningful evidence in support of his claim, when one looks more objectively one begins to question what the above quotations suggest; Ash’s appeal to motive or more specifically his appeal to pity. These examples may be overbearing for the reader and the words may distract them from the truth of the essay. Ash continuously argues how peacekeeping will no longer makes us an â€Å"American puppet†, he believes this will only set us up to be a part of the real world. Ash states that â€Å"either we fight alongside the US or against them† (348). He also argues that we need to set an example for the US, and peace keeping will do so. With Ash’s convincing words one may question his strong motto by looking more carefully one may begin to doubt his claim and see that Ash’s false of dilemma. These examples suggest that these fallacies distract you from the overall truth of this essay. Ash’s essay describes the numerous benefits that are associated with peacekeeping. Although Ash makes several credible points the overall essay is incredible due to numerous fallacies that justify the subjective nature of the essay rendering it impossible to be objective.

The problem of Gun control in America

The problem of Gun control in America This is an ever growing problem of violence faces Americans. The streets are becoming a battleground where individuals are been beaten for their belongings, women are terrified and viciously attacked and raped, teenage gangsters are shooting it out for a patch of territories to sell their illegal drugs, and innocent children are been caught every day in the crossfire of drive by shootings which end up in seriously injured or die. Society cannot look the other way and ignore the damage that these criminals do to the society, and people must take appropriate actions to try to stop these horrors. This paper will analyze different aspect of this problem the nation is facing. Gun control may be called the acid test of liberalism. All liberals who call or think themselves as the true one must favor stricter gun controls. After all, does the United States of America have the most heavily armed population on the earth? Is the United States of America the worlds most violent people? Surely, these facts must be at least casually connected. Therefore the apparently desperate need to do something about the vast quantity of firearms and firearms abuse is a major concern. Guns are been used in an enormous number of crimes in this country. In other places in the world with stricter gun laws, gun crimes are rare. Many of the firearms or weapons involved in crime are cheap handguns, and sometime called Saturday night specials for which there is no legitimate use or need. The public is deeply concerned on the issue of gun control; anti-gun control activists believe or think that it is each and every Americans individual right to bear arms. The Second Amendment to the Constitution proves that the people have a choice to own weapons. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, and it is the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Advocates of gun control said that even with multiple gun control laws already in existence, the serious problems are due to firearm misuse each and every day. Furthermore, the controls that have been designed have not been sufficiently effective or progress. Therefore, those who favor gun controllers argue, we need more uniform into the legislation, more extensive gun controls, and effective enforcement. Various pro-gun control organizations argue on methods of gun control needed. For more examples, there are individuals who would ban all weapons as well as those who take a less radical stand and who would simply increase the controls on firearms. The moderate gun control individuals or groups propose measures such as requiring an individual to successfully complete weapons safety course before being allowed to possess a gun or the individuals have to wait for a mandatory period of time before taking possession of a gun. Today, there maybe over more 20,000 different gun control laws in existence, ranging from those enacted by counties and states, and to those enacted by the federal government. When gun control is ineffective and tougher sentencing of criminals or offenders and stricter parole policies should do far more to combat crime. Statistics prove that Canada has less violent than the United States. Fewer weapons are only part of the story. The inner city slums of the United States of America are murderous, and bombed out looking places. When Americans visit Canadas big cities, they often ask where the bad individuals are. The answer usually is, there really arent any slums, because the lack of violence there reflects it. According to the Economist magazine, blacks are 12% of the United States population, and account for 48% of murders, mostly because the inner city blacks are killing one another. Most of these guns were not purchased from retail gun stores. Gun laws will not keep guns out of these ghettos (The Economist, 1993). One of the founding fathers included Second Amendment from the Constitution, because it was made very aware of the fact that there might once again come a time when American citizens would have to fight for their freedom. Of course guns fall in the wrong hands or hands of criminals are harmful. But taking away guns from honest individuals or law abiding citizens do nothing to solve the problem of those who would misuse guns. Criminals will always have guns or find ways to get them, whether we accept it or not. Even in other countries where guns are completely illegal, criminals will simply manufacture or smuggle weapons. The Soviet Army was unable to successfully impose gun control on the small country of Afghanistan. In the United States of America today, criminals import weapons (guns) that law abiding citizens are banned from possessing. What would happen if a nation with guns in every household? The nation is Switzerland. The Swiss does not have to fight a foreign war for over hundreds of years (the last fight in Switzerland was a one month affair in 1847), and their crimes rate is among the lowest in the world. The United States of America can only envy their record. To carry a firearm in the state of California, it requires a permit commonly called Carry Concealed Weapons. CCWs are issued by the discretion of the chief of police of a city of the County, or a sheriff of the County, where the applicants live. As long as the applicants or individuals passes the background check provided by California Department of Justice (DOJ), and a chief of police or a sheriff may issue permit to applicants. In California where Carrying Concealed Weapons permits are obtainable, some studies reveal that the following: when more individuals were armed, the crime rates dropped down proportionally. It is not a surprise that when more citizens are armed there is less crimes. The examples from California and Switzerland were evidence to the fact. Some freedoms have already been lost in this country; can we afford to lose more? With many firearms regulations are now in the books, we do not need more gun control laws. We need to start enforcing the laws that we have now. The government put in place many gun control laws, but some of the laws were made to make the public feel safer. For instance the government has banned some assault rifles, but they were not even used for most gun related crimes. The government passed another law called the Bradey Law. The Bradey Law allows five day wait on the purchase of a handgun so a check can be done on the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s background. None of these laws seem to decrease the amount of deaths caused by hand guns. The media play part in more laws being applied against guns and ammos. The media also helped to have bullets that may penetrate bulletproof armor get banned, but the bullets were made especially for law enforcement and licensed dealers. All of these laws should be made unconstitutional because it goes against individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right to bear arms. They should find some other ways to deal with gun related crimes and violence. The United States of America was founded by people who believe that owning guns are to protect what they think is right. The constitution gives everyone the right to bear arms and protect themselves. Laws against guns should be unconstitutional but the laws were made because it is what some individuals want. The ban on assault rifles was in effect in the May of 1994. Many assault style weapons and broad categories encompassing many more semiautomatic firearms were among that were banned. Some weapons were banned, and were only used for three percent of all gun related crimes in 1993. Most of the crimes include murders were committed with handguns. The only reason for making to set these laws was to make the people feel good and safe. The reason for many to wait on obtain is to make sure no criminals or mentally disturbed individuals can buy guns. Did anybody really think that solve any of the problems? Many do not think so. The law prevented about 45 thousand individuals from getting guns. This number does not even compare to the number of deaths caused by guns. If the government really wants to stop the amount of killings, they would have to enforce gun education and enforce stricter punishment on murders. The media continue to play hugh part in gun control. If the news reported something was bad or wrong, people would always take their side and views. Rhino Bullets were banned also because of the media. What many individuals did not hear or understand was that they were for law enforcement officers and licensed dealers only. The bullets were banned because of lack of information. Society is the one who suffers because most people got the wrong image about the Rhino Bullets. When individuals are dealing with the interpretation of the Constitution, there are many views they can take. They can view the Constitution as a living document or in its original understanding. The main understanding that people are guided by is what the Framers of the Constitution had in mind when they created them. The Constitution may also be viewed as a living document, in which the interpretation should be surveyed in light of todays social and politics environments. Bill Clede ideas seem to be guild by the idea of the Constitution being a living document. When the Second Amendment was written, it already had a major impact on this country because state and national governments were unable, and were lacked the power to protect the people. The Amendment gave the power to the people to have guns for protection. As Mr. Clede points out, it was not the intent or purpose of the Amendment to give unlimited rights to the people. Many do not believe that the people are responsible enough to have the unlimited rights they seem to have under the second amendment. Clede stated that does not mean that the government can constitutionally prohibit all weapons, but it probably meant that the government can reasonably regulated and limit their use. Many individuals agreed with Cledes point. The nature of the Constitution is very vague. The second amendment stated that a well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of Free States, the right of the individuals to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The Constitution never defined or gi ves examples of what a well-regulated militia is or types of weapons deemed reasonable for protection. It should be left to congress, or more importantly the Supreme Court to interrupt this vague language. Many individuals think that the government could reasonable regulate guns, without compromising the second amendment, but like Clede, some believe congress should concentrate more on who is using the guns and not guns themselves. Patrick Henry felt that all of us should preserve our public liberties, and if need be by force. Patrick Henry stated that the great objective is that, every man be armed. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams also had the same views as Patrick Henry that every man should have the right to own weapons (guns) for private self-defense. Our forefathers felt that it was very important for people to bear arms for protection of property, life, or limb. When they created a document that protected these rights, this seems to be evident because to right to bear arms is in the Second Amendment. Once again, this issue must be raised, and the forefathers foresee a time when this freedom that they embraced would not cause such wide-spread crime in the country. Individuals asked how can they maintain their individual rights, and yet get the guns out of the hands of convicted felons, drug addicts, and people who are mentally impaired from owning guns as Clede described. Many self-respect gun owners are i n favor of a waiting period before the purchasing of any type of gun. Clede has clearly taken the stand of some type of tighter control on the sale of weapons, but without touching the Second Amendment. A major problem that has been addressed in Cledes statement is that no matter what changes, the element in this country will always be, any individual be able to obtain guns. Perhaps individuals should take a closer look at the manufacture of guns and why they are manufactured in such abundance when the numbers of guns already surpass the population of this country. Although state and federal laws forbid the ownership of automatic weapons, but they can easily be obtained for the right price, and always to the criminals in our society. These are the problems that should be made aware of, not the outright banning of guns.

Joint operation planning process

Joint operation planning process The Joint Operation Planning Process, or JOPP, supports planning at all levels and for missions across the full range of military operations. This planning process applies to both contingency planning and CAP. The JOPP is an orderly, analytical planning process that consists of a set of logical steps to analyze a mission, develop, analyze, and compare alternative COAs, or courses of action, select the best COA, and produce a plan or order. Step 1: Initiation. The Joint Operation Planning Process or JOPP begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis and initiates planning by deciding to develop military options. The GEF, JSCP, and related strategic guidance statements serve as the primary guidance to begin contingency planning. Military options normally are developed in combination with other nonmilitary options so that the President can respond with all the appropriate instruments of national power. Often in CAP, the JFC and staff will perform an assessment of the initiating directive to determine time available until mission execution, the current status of intelligence products and staff estimates, and other factors relevant to the specific planning situation. Step 2: Mission Analysis. The primary purpose of mission analysis is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. A primary consideration for a supported commander during mission analysis is the national strategic end state -the broadly expressed political, military, economic, social, informational, and other conditions that should exist after the conclusion of a campaign or operation. The primary inputs to mission analysis are the higher headquarters planning directive, other strategic guidance, the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment or JIPOE, and initial staff estimates. The primary products of mission analysis are a restated mission statement and the JFCs initial intent statement, the Commanders Critical Information Requirements or CCIRs, and planning guidance. The figure below describes the key inputs and resulting outputs of mission analysis. Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development. A COA consists of the following information: what type of military action will occur; why the action is required (purpose); who will take the action; when the action will begin; where the action will occur; and how the action will occur (method of employment of forces). A valid COA will have the characteristics outlined in the figure below. Once a valid COA is developed, the staff converts the approved COA into a CONOPS. COA determination will consist of four primary activities: COA development, analysis and wargaming, comparison, and approval. Step 4: COA Analysis and Wargaming. The commander and staff analyze each tentative COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze a tentative COA, improve their understanding of the operational environment, and obtain insights that otherwise might not have occurred. Based upon time available, the commander should wargame each tentative COA against the most probable and the most dangerous adversary COAs. Step 5: COA Comparison. An objective process whereby COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria that are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of COAs so that a COA with the highest probability of success can be selected or developed. The commander and staff develop and evaluate a list of important criteria, or governing factors, consider each COAs advantages and disadvantages, identify actions to overcome disadvantages, make final tests for feasibility and acceptability and weigh the relative merits of each. Step 6: COA Approval. The staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander. The staff briefs the commander on the COA comparison and the analysis and wargaming results, including a review of important supporting information. This briefing often takes the form of a commanders estimate. This information could include such factors as, the current status of the joint force; the current JIPOE; and assumptions used in COA development. The commander selects a COA or forms an alternate COA based upon the staff recommendations. The nature of a potential contingency could make it difficult to determine a specific end state until the crisis actually occurs. In these cases, the JFC may choose to present two or more valid COAs for approval by higher authority. A single COA can then be approved when the crisis occurs and specific circumstances become clear. Step 7: Plan or Order Development. The commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable CONOPS, which clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. It describes how the actions of the joint force components and supporting organizations will be integrated, synchronized, and phased to accomplish the mission, including potential branches and sequels. Contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to OPORD development. Voice: Planning initiation begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis. The primary purpose of the next step, mission analysis, is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. Next, planners must develop a COA to accomplish the mission. During course of action analysis and wargaming, the commander and staff analyze each COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze the COA and improve understanding of the operational environment. During COA comparison, COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria, which are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknes ses of COAs to select the COA with the highest probability of success. Next, the staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander, which is normally presented in the form of a briefing for approval or further guidance. Finally, the commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable concept of operations, or CONOPS. The CONOPS clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. Most often contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to the development of an OPORD. Title: Contingency Planning A graphic is shown, which represents the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is shown on the right of the screen in support of the narration: Initiated by publication of the Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) and the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) Conducted during peacetime Develops plans for a broad range of contingencies Compliments and supports other Department of Defense (DOD) planning cycles Facilitates the transition to crisis action planning (CAP) Voice: Contingency planning usually begins with the publication of a new GEF and JSCP. It is a peacetime process that develops plans for a broad range of contingencies with apportioned resources. Its performed in a continuous cycle that complements and supports other DOD planning cycles and facilitates the transition to crisis action planning, or CAP. Contingency planning is accomplished through four planning levels based on JOPES policies and guidance. Title: Contingency Planning Levels Action: On the left side of the screen is a graphic representing the the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is included as pop-up boxes to the matching components of the graphic: Level 1 Planning Detail Commanders Estimate: Focuses on producing a developed Course of Action (COA) Provides the SecDef with military COAs to meet a potential contingency Reflects the supported commanders analysis of the various COAs potential contingency Level 2 Planning Detail Base Plan: Describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and anticipated timelines for completing the mission Normally does not include annexes or a TPFDD Level 3 Planning Detail CONPLAN: CONPLAN is an operation plan in an abbreviated format Requires expansion and alteration to convert into OPLAN or OPORD Includes a base plan with annexes, as required by the JFC and a supported commanders estimate of the plans feasibility Produces a TPFDD, if applicable Level 4 Planning Detail OPLAN: OPLAN is a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes applicable to the plan, and a TPFDD Identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan Can be quickly developed into an OPORD Voice: Contingency planning encompasses four levels of planning detail with an associated planning product for each level. Level 1 planning detail is the commanders estimate, which focuses on producing a developed COA. These military COAs enable the SecDef to meet a potential contingency. The objective of Level 2 planning detail is a base plan which describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and the necessary timelines to complete the envisioned mission. This level normally does not include a detailed transportation feasible flow of resources into the theater. In Level 3 planning detail, the concept plan or CONPLAN is formulated, which is an operations plan in an abbreviated format. It includes annexes as required by the JFC and the supported commanders estimate of the plans overall feasibility. The CONPLAN may have an associated time-phased force and deployment data, or TPFDD, if applicable. Finally, the objective of Level 4 planning detail is a fully-developed operati on plan, or OPLAN, containing a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes required for the plan, and a TPFDD. The OPLAN identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan. The OPLAN can be quickly developed into an OPORD. Action: The following text is shown to the right of the planning level detail graphic: An OPLAN is normally prepared when: The contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed prior planning. The magnitude or timing of the contingency requires detailed planning. Detailed planning is required to support multinational planning. The feasibility of the plans CONOPS cannot be determined without detailed planning. Detailed planning is necessary to determine force deployment, employment, and sustainment requirements, determine available resources to fill identified requirements, and validate shortfalls. Voice: Furthermore, an OPLAN is normally prepared under the following circumstances: if the contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed planning; the magnitude or timing of the contingency necessitates the planning; detailed planning is required for a multinational planning effort; the feasibility of the CONOPS demands detailed planning; or if a detailed effort is necessary to determine the levels of force deployment and sustainment. Title: Crisis Action Planning Action: A series of pictures representing Crisis Action Planning is presented on screen. The following text replaces the pictures when mentioned in the narration: Contingency Planning Planning activities that occur in non-crisis situations; relies heavily on assumptions and projections Crisis Action Planning Based on facts and actual planning as a crisis unfolds Action: The series of pictures is brought back with additional images added to it and is now used as a background. Voice: Because its difficult to predict where and when a crisis will occur, planners must be able to rapidly respond to problems as they arise. Unlike contingency planning, which prepares plans in anticipation of future events, crisis action planning allows planners to respond to situations based on circumstances that exist at the time of planning. Crisis action planning procedures parallel contingency planning, but are more flexible and responsive to changing events. In time-sensitive situations, the JPEC follows formally established CAP procedures to adjust and implement previously prepared contingency plans by converting them into OPORDs or to fully develop and execute OPORDs where no useful contingency plan exists. Title: Crisis Action Planning Activities Action: In the background is a graphic representing the activities associated with crisis action planning. When mentioned in the narration, the corresponding parts are highlighted. The graphic shows a graphic labeled Event, directly under a box labeled Situational Awareness. Boxes continue in two rows, showing a linear sequence connected by arrows in a zigzag pattern. An arrow labeled OPREP-3 PCA points from Situational Awareness to Decision. An arrow covered by a document labeled Warning Order points to COA Development. An arrow labeled Commanders Estimate points from COA Development to COA Selection. An arrow covered by a document labeled Planning or Alert Order points from COA Selection to Detailed Planning. An arrow labeled Operations Order points from Detailed Planning to Plan Approval. An arrow covered by a document labeled Execute Order points from Plan Approval to Execution. Graphic bands at the top divide the graphic into three portions. Situational Awareness stretches across the entire screen, lasting throughout the process. Planning covers COA Development, COA Selection, Detailed Planning, Plan Approval, and Execution and the intermediary products. Two arrows across the bottom, labeled Prepare to Deploy Order and Deployment Order, extend across the same region as the Planning band. A band labeled Execution extends from near the end of Plan Approval through the Execution activity. Voice: CAP activities are similar to contingency planning activities; however, CAP is based on dynamic, real-world conditions rather than assumptions. CAP procedures provide for the rapid and effective exchange of information and analysis, the timely preparation of military COAs for consideration by the President or SecDef, and the prompt transmission of their decisions to the JPEC. The exact flow of the procedures is largely determined by the time available to complete the planning and by the significance of the crisis. The following steps summarize the activities and interaction that occur during CAP. When the President, SecDef, or CJCS decide to develop military options, the CJCS issues a planning directive to the JPEC initiating the development of COAs. Next, a WARNORD is issued that describes the situation, establishes command relationships, and identifies the mission and any planning constraints. In response to the WARNORD, the supported commander, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting commanders and the rest of the JPEC, reviews existing joint OPLANs for applicability and develops, analyzes, and compares COAs. Next, the feasibility that existing OPLANs can be modified to fit the specific situation is determined. The CJCS then reviews and evaluates the supported commanders estimate and recommends a COA selection. On receiving the decision of the President or SecDef, the CJCS issues an Alert Order to the JPEC to announce the decision. The supported commander then develops the OPORD and supporting TPFDD using the approved COA. The supported commander then submits the completed OPORD for approval to the SecDef or President via the CJCS. Finally, in CAP, plan development continues after the President or SecDef decides to execute the OPORD or to return to the pre-crisis situation. Title: Campaign Planning Action: The following bullet point list and quote from Joint Publication 5-0 are shown on screen, along with a picture representing campaign planning, in support of the narration: May begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP Primary way combatant commanders achieve unity of effort and guide planning of joint operations Operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations and security cooperation activities Require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Joint Pub 5-0 Voice: It is important to note how campaign planning relates to the two categories of joint operation planning. Joint operation planning and planning for a campaign are not separate planning types or processes. Campaign planning may begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP, thus unifying the entire process. A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Campaign planning is a primary means by which combatant commanders arrange for strategic unity of effort and through which they guide the planning of joint operations within their theater. Campaign plans operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations as well as security cooperation activities. They require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives. Title: Types of Campaigns Action: Background image shows combatant command AOR map of the world. The following text is shown to support of the narration: Global Campaign Encompasses strategic objectives on multiple AORs. More than one supported GCC possible and competing requirements for transportation, ISR assets, and specialized units and equipment. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a global campaign. Theater Campaign Focuses on activities of a supported combatant commander. Accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. Subordinate Campaign Describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish (or contribute to the accomplishment of) strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans Voice: There are three general types of campaigns, which differ generally in scope. A global campaign is one that requires the accomplishment of strategic objectives in joint operations in multiple areas of responsibility ,or AORs. In this case, there could be more than one supported geographic combatant commander, or GCC. Planners must be aware of competing requirements for potentially scarce strategic resources, such as transportation and ISR assets, as well as specialized and unique units and equipment, such as special operations and tankers. Global campaigns will often establish the strategic and operational framework within which theater and subordinate campaigns are developed. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a campaign that spans all AORs. A theater campaign encompasses the activities of a supported combatant commander. It accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations, primarily within the supported commanders AOR. An OPLAN for a theater campaign is the operational extension of a commanders theater strategy, and translates theater strategic concepts into unified action. Adjacent combatant commanders may conduct supporting operations, within the AOR of the supported commander or within their own AORs, under the overall direction of the supported commander. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. A subordinate campaign describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish, or contribute to the accomplishment of, strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans, if their assigned missions require military operations of substantial size, complexity, and duration and cannot be accomplished within the framework of a single major joint operation. Subordinate campaign plans should be consistent with the strategic and operational guidance and direction developed by the supported JFC. Title: Campaign Plan Design Action: A collage of images representing Campaign Planning are shown on screen. The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mostly art, not science-no best way to develop campaign plans Requires thinking creatively to make best use of resources to achieve objectives Involves Operational Art-the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles Voice: Campaign planning is relatively unstructured compared to contingency and crisis action planning. Campaign planning is mostly an art, not a science; there is no set recipe or best way to develop a campaign plan. It requires a thorough knowledge of enemy and friendly capabilities, forces, and tactics, as well as out-of-the-box thinking and creativity in order to make the best use of resources to achieve the desired objectives. Because campaign planning is mostly art, it is inextricably linked with operational art, most notably in the design of the operational concept for the campaign. Operational art refers to the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles. This is primarily an intellectual exercise based on experience and judgment. Action: A diagram is show to represent the three key elements of operational design in the following narration. The diagram shows: understand the strategic guidance, bracketing the first and second levels of the diagram, which are national strategic objectives with conditions (effects) branched underneath; next level is identify critical factors which brackets level three in the diagram, centers of gravity; finally, develop an operational concept is the last section bracketing actions under the centers of gravity boxes. Voice: There are three key elements of operational design. First, planners must understand the strategic guidance from the civilian leadership. This involves determining what the desired end state is and what has to be accomplished militarily to get there. Once planners understand what military conditions must exist to achieve strategic objectives, they must determine how to effect those conditions. The key to this is identifying the adversarys critical factors-their strengths and points of vulnerability, called Centers of Gravity (COGs). Finally, the planner must develop an operational concept, which describes the sequence of actions and the application of forces and capabilities necessary to neutralize or destroy the enemys COGs. Title: Joint Air Estimate Action: On the right of the screen, operational airpower images are shown. The following text and footer are shown on the left of the screen in support of the narration: Culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) May be employed to support deliberate and crisis action planning The Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the Joint Force Commander (JFC) Voice: Weve discussed joint operation planning in a very general sense, but how does the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) fulfill his specific responsibility to develop the air and space portion of the Joint Force Commanders (JFCs) campaign plan? The Joint Air Estimate Process is a six-phase process that culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP). The JAOP is the JFACCs plan for integrating and coordinating joint air and space operations. It guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the JFC. A Joint Air Estimate Process may be employed during contingency planning to produce JAOPs that support Operation Plans (OPLANs) or Concept Plans (CONPLANs). It may also be used during crisis action planning in concert with other theater operation planning. Title: Joint Air Estimate Process Action: The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mission Analysis Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is initiated; JFCs mission and guidance analyzed Situation and Course of Action Development JIPOE refined; Friendly and adversary COGs are analyzed to assist in COA preparation Course of Action Analysis Advantages and disadvantages of each COA are identified Course of Action Comparison COAs are compared to predetermined criteria to identify best employment options Course of Action Selection Staff briefs recommended COA to JFACC Joint Air Space Operations Plan (JAOP) Development Selected COA developed into JAOP Action: A link to Joint Publication 3-30 is provided at the bottom of the page. Each of the bold text above are linked to the following pop-up text: Mission Analysis: Mission analysis is critical to ensure thorough understanding of the task and subsequent planning. It results in the Joint Force Air Component Commanders (JFACCs) mission statement that includes the who, what, when, where and why for the joint air operation. Anticipation, prior preparation, and a trained staff are critical to a timely mission analysis. Staff estimates generated during mission analysis are continually revisited and updated during the course of planning and execution. Situation and Course of Action (COA) Development The first two tasks of situation and course of action (COA) development are expanding and refining the initial JIPOE completed in Phase I and COG analysis. Expanded JIPOE is essential to developing and analyzing both enemy and friendly COGs. This is especially critical for air and space planning given the perspective and scope of air and space operations. The third task is the development of friendly COAs. Air and space planners develop alternative COAs by varying the ends, ways, means, and risks. The operational objectives normally fill the what guidance for COA development; the supporting tactical objectives, effects, and tasks help define the how for planners. Once planners define the objectives and supporting effects, they further refine potential air and space COAs based on the priority, sequence, phasing, weight of effort, matched resources, and assessment criteria. The result of COA development is a minimum of two valid COAs or a single valid COA with significant branches or s equels. The final step is a risk analysis of the COA in terms of both operations and combat support Course of Action (COA) Analysis COA analysis involves wargaming each COA against the adversarys most likely and most dangerous COAs. Wargaming is a recorded what if session of actions and reactions designed to visualize the flow of the battle and evaluate each friendly COA. Wargaming is a valuable step in the estimate process because it stimulates ideas and provides insights that might not otherwise be discovered. Course of Action (COA) Comparison Comparing the COAs against predetermined criteria provides an analytical method to identify the best employment options for air forces/capabilities. This begins with the JFACC staff comparing the proposed COAs and identifying the strengths, weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of each. This is often followed by rating each COA based upon the established criteria. Course of Action (COA) Selection COA selection begins when the staff presents their recommended COA (usually in the form of a briefing) to the JFACC. This briefing includes a summary of the estimate process that led to the recommended COA. Based on the amount of JFACC involvement throughout the planning process and the degree of parallel planning the commander accomplishes, COA selection will vary from choosing among alternatives to direct approval of the staff-recommended COA. Joint Air Operations Plan (JAOP) Development The JAOP details how the joint air effort will support the JFCs overall Operation Plan (OPLAN). The JAOP accomplishes the following: integrates the efforts of joint air and space capabilities and forces; identifies objectives and tasks; identifies measures or indicators of success; accounts for current and potential adversary COAs; synchronizes the phasing of air and space operations with the JFCs plan; indicates what air and space capabilities and forces are required to achieve the objectives. Voice: While the phases of the Joint Air Estimate process are presented in sequential order, work on them can be either concurrent or sequential. The phases are integrated and the products of each phase are checked and verified for coherence. The Process begins with Mission Analysis. This first phase incorporates: a

The Rebirth of a Game :: Basketball NBA Athletics Sports Essays

The Rebirth of a Game Basketball in my home state goes way back, straight to the beginning. The University of Kansas (KU) hired James Naismith, the inventor of the game, as its first basketball coach in 1898. The fledgling sport caught on, and has gained force ever since. KU was also the scene of the emergence of Wilt Chamberlain, who dominated the game like none other. At the same time that â€Å"Wilt the Stilt† was breaking out, Kansas State University (KSU) had a basketball coach by the name of Tex Winter. While not as well known as Chamberlain, Winter’s contributions to the game of basketball may have been even more significant. Ask any Bulls or Lakers fan where the â€Å"triangle† offense (and resulting championships) came from. So, with my birth in 1979 in a small town in Kansas, this was the world I stepped into. Naismith, Chamberlain, Winter, and others had been incorporated into a basketball pantheon by the public. They were part of the public consciousness, but only in a supporting role. The game of basketball itself was lifted above them all, the true source of the passion. Before I was ten years old I had seen this passion at its peak. The NCAA Tournament of 1988 turned out to be a great showcase of Kansas and Big 8 basketball. The team I loved, KSU, made an improbable run in the tournament, winning their first three games. This set up a Sunflower State showdown between KSU and KU in the round of eight. The game ended up being a blowout, with KU dominating. KU went on to win the national championship in exciting fashion, beating Big 8 rivals Oklahoma in an exciting championship game. As an impressionable eight-year-old, I soaked up the emotions. The hopes and expectations, the ecstasy and the heartbre ak. These feelings stuck with me. When I reached seventh grade, basketball took a different role in my life. I played on my junior high basketball team and absolutely loved it. From November to March, my life revolved around an orange ball. From seventh grade to eleventh grade, this was winter to me. I was a true student of the game, learning and improving constantly. I became fairly good, and even won some awards my eighth grade season. During my freshman year in high school, I once scored 29 points in a junior varsity game. When I stopped growing at 6’, however, it became fairly clear that there was no future in it for me as a player.

Essay on Owen Meany -- essays research papers

Essay On: â€Å"A Prayer For Owen Meany† In the novel â€Å"A Prayer For Owen Meany,† John Irving creates the character of Owen as a foil to John, the protagonist. Owen Meany embodies the qualities of a true leader while John grows more like his father: doubtful and lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the novel, immediately there is a clear difference between Owen and Johnny. There is the field of academics; Owen is the head of his class while he helps John not to fail in his studies. There is Owen, very sure of his belief system and Johnny, very doubtful and unsure about his beliefs or feelings towards’ god.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel, John has a constant hero worship of Owen. An example of this is when Owen begins to lead the rector and his wife in the production of the pageant of ’53: â€Å" Thus did Owen get his way, again; â€Å"On the hay† was where he would lie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt shows Johnny in awe of his friend. The way Owen takes charge of the situation and creates the pageant the exact way he wants it. This also identifies another theme in the book, the theme of purpose. Owen has a new sense of purpose now that his parents have told him that his was a virgin birth; he is as close to a lord Jesus as anyone in history. Then there is John, who ends up being Joseph out of the fact that Owen prescribed him the part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So, outlined for us is Owens advantage over Johnny in the sense that Owen has a purpose that is ver...

Coco avant Chanel :: Coco avant Chanel

Coco avant Chanel est un film franà §ais rà ©alisà © par Anne Fontaine, qui est sorti au cinà ©ma le 22 avril 2009 en France. Anne Fontaine est une rà ©alisatrice, actrice et scà ©nariste franà §aise nà ©e au Luxembourg et a connu beaucoup de succà ¨s avec ce film. Audrey Tautou, la merveilleuse actrice franà §aise tient le rà ´le de Coco Chanel. Coco avant Chanel est un film biographique et romantique, qui s’intà ©resse aux annà ©es de formation de la grande couturià ¨re Coco Chanel. Ce film a bien à ©tà © reà §u par les critiques et a connu un immense succà ¨s auprà ¨s du public. Mondialement, ce film a gà ©nà ©rà © des recettes de plus de 43 millions de dollars. Cette Å“uvre a à ©tà © sà ©lectionnà ©e pour quatre nominations au BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts), trois nominations du Cinà ©ma Europà ©en, six nominations de Cà ©sar, et l’Oscar des meilleurs costumes. Ce film biographique raconte la vie de Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel, la conceptrice de mode, modiste et grande couturià ¨re franà §aise cà ©là ¨bre pour ses pià ¨ces de và ªtements de haute couture. Gabrielle Chanel est issue d’un milieu modeste. Sa personnalità © hors du commun, son assurance et sa franchise ont fait d’elle, une personne charismatique. Chanel et sa sÅ“ur, Adrienne, ont à ©tà © abandonnà ©es par leur pà ¨re quand elles à ©taient jeunes et elles ont grandi dans un orphelinat. Gabrielle attendait tous les dimanches que son pà ¨re vienne les chercher dans l’orphelinat. Quelques annà ©es plus tard, elles dà ©butent comme couturià ¨res et chanteuses dans un cabaret majoritairement frà ©quentà © par la classe ouvrià ¨re de l’à ©poque. Gabrielle est surnommà ©e  « Coco  » à   cause de chansons qu’elle chante tous les soirs avec sa sÅ“ur. Lorsque sa sÅ“ur lui informe qu’elle va se dà ©mà ©nager à   Paris pour à ©pouser son baron, Gabrielle dà ©cide à   son tour qu’elle a besoin d’un nouveau paramà ¨tre dans sa vie. Elle rend visite à   son ami Baron Balson (Benoà ®t Poelvoorde), un riche proprià ©taire de chevaux de course, qui vit dans la banlieue de Paris. Baron Balson lui permet d’entrer dans la haute socià ©tà © franà §aise. Tranquillement, Gabrielle commence à   s’intà ©resser davantage à   la mode. Elle conà §oit des chapeaux et des và ªtements pour la femme moderne, avec l’idà ©ologie minimaliste que la simplicità © est mieux. Pendant son sà ©jour avec le Baron Balson, Gabrielle rencontre et tombe en amour avec Boy Capel (Alessandro Nivola), un homme d’affaires anglais. Elle ne savait pas qu’il à ©tait sur le point de marier une femme de la haute hià ©rarchie anglaise, mais les deux amoureux s’engagent tout de mà ªme à   se planifier des visites rà ©gulià ¨res.

Disaster Management Essay

Disaster management is a way to help when disasters happen but it is also to help prevent them or to inform everyone about what may happen. The main function is to helping the citizens to understand what is happening. The state will determine how severe the disaster is and then the ones who are responsible for reporting to the appropriate government or agency will then make the recommendation to getting help for funding, support, and any emergency supplies to those who are affected by the disaster. The disasters that happen can be unpredictable like earthquakes, while other natural disasters could happen with some type of warning like flooding. B. The state of California has manuals that they use that goes into details about statewide policies, procedures, regulations, and any other important information that was developed and authorized by the state offices, department of finance, department of general services, and the government offices (Disaster Management – California Technology Agency – State of California, 2013). III. Examine local, state federal legal and regulatory requirements A. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)- Has jurisdiction over all public and private sector places of employment in the state with exception of Federal employees, the USPS, private sector employers on Native American lands, maritime activities on navigate waterways of the US, private contractors on designated land under Federal jurisdiction, and employers that requires Federal security clearance. B. Joint Commission of Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) C. The California State Plan is operated under an agreement with OSHA. It is an occupational safety and health program in accordance with Section 18 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. D. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)- Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, Coordination with the Department of Homeland Security, Regional Emergency Coordinators, Emergency Care Coordination Center IV. Is there a Certificate of Need program for your state? A. Certificate of Need (C. O. N. ) programs are aimed at restraining health care facility costs. The Health Planning Resources Development Act of 1974 was put into effect across the nation. Over the past 30 years, there have been numerous changes and about 36 states retain some type of CON program. This program was used to approve the construction and expansion of health care facilities and services based on determination and community need. B. California does not currently have a C. O. N. in effect. Back in 1969, the state had implemented a C. O. N, ending in 1987. California’s C. O. N. program suffered from inadequate staffing and lack of data. V. What are the issues to consider when meeting the International Building Code for a facility? A. New codes vs. Old codes B. Updates to â€Å"I-Codes† done by diverse group of officials i. Corridor width ii. 8 feet of clear, unobstructed width iii. Defend-in-place practices iv. Visual and audible fire alarms. v. Elevator Lobbies vi. Floor openings vii. Smoke control viii. Ceiling and smoke partitions ix. Fully Sprinkler hospitals x. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers xi. Decorations on Wall. C. What Measurements may need to be done in advance of the new plan or renovation? i. Acoustical measurements to plan work zones accordingly to minimize decibels ii. Security measurements to ensure clear sightlines where needed, specialized door access and/or any visual monitoring via camera. iii. Measuring of equipment to ensure adequate planning of rooms iv. Safety measures D. List the stakeholders that may play a role in your development (Scott) Facility management i. Providers that are financially vested in the company ii. Depending on size of facility, CEO, CFO, VP, etc. iii. Input from floor staff to maximize area usage for patients iv. Patients-their input from potential comment cards or direct questioning in how to improve their care from a facility perspective. E. Conclusion i. Strong conclusion that provides details to what the State of California is working towards accomplishing safety awareness. ii. Existing disaster plans in the State of California. iii. State of California has financial instability affecting citizens as well as service. References Disaster Management – California Technology Agency – State of California. (2013). Retrieved from http://http://www. cio. a. gov/OIS/Government/disaster. asp HHS. gov. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. hhs. gov/asl/testify/2010/01/t20100125a. html US Department Of Labor. (2013). California State Plan. Retrieved from http://www. osha. gov/dcsp/osp/stateprogs/california. html What is disaster management? (2012). Retrieved from http://www. disastermanagement. in/2012/02/what-is-disaster-management. html Certificate of Need: State Health Laws and Programs . (2011). Retrieved from http://www. ncsl. org/issues-research/health/con-certificate-of-need-state-laws. aspx

The New Form of Presidency and Vice Presidency

With the research that I have gathered I believe Al Gore would pose as a good candidate to serve our country. However I also believe that George W. Bush would serve us well too. So I have come up with an idea that perhaps in the next presidential election there could be a republican and a democrat as running mates. Maybe one could be the vice president and the other the president. I believe that a lot more laws and bills could be passed, and the country could be satisfied as a whole. Maybe the country could even come up with a new form of presidency where there are two presidents and one vice president. Then laws and bills may not be passed without both presidents being in agreement. The vice president would perform the same duties, while the presidents could get twice as much done in half the time. Now if I had to choose on a presidential candidate it would be George W. Bush. I would choose him for two reasons, one for his beliefs on social security and two for his views on education. First off with social security and the way that it is currently heading I believe that there will not be enough money left to fund it for my children or me. Bush believes that it is a promise to our nation. He wants to change it, not for current retirees or those soon approaching it, but for the next generation. To put that money away where it can earn higher interest rates. Now on to Bush†s views on public education. He has already reformed the public schools in Texas, and he wishes to do it all across the country. He wants to offer states the freedom form federal intervention, but receive results in return. Performance checks with also be held annually. With those two reasons alone give me a good enough will to vote for bush. If I were eighteen I would have no trouble when Election Day came.

Organizational Needs Essay

The success of any business or any organization basically depends on proper planning and proper utilization of its resources. It is true that success dose not comes overnight, a need for assessing; exploring is required to be done. After planning, there comes the step of communication. The quality of communication determines the extent of the success of a business. In order to make communication effective career development programs are introduced to the employee by the organization. The basic aim of this kind of career development program is to make an individual employee give in his best to the company thus, maximizing profits. Although these programs were not really liked by some of the organizations. And were regarded as cost oriented, but with times as the result was good, people recognized its importance. â€Å"A needs assessment is a systematic exploration of the way things are and the way they should be†. As Gutteridge says that career development is not only the development of an individual but also the development of the management as a whole. It is equally essential, to know what learning will be accomplished, what changes in an individual’s performance are expected, what are the expected economic costs what will be the result, and after how much time will the target be achieved. Main Aim of Organizations As we know that the main aim of any origination or any business done is to get maximum profits. It is the same way in order to achieve the target. A lot of hard work has to be done, like conduction of career development programs. Knowdell (1982 – 1984) traced the origin of career developmental programs. This would of course enhance their abilities of the employees as we know that â€Å"a career development system with in a business is an organized formalized, planned effort to achieve a balance between the individuals. † With the help of these career program employees and managers know about their potentials and weaknesses, they come to know how to manage their own careers and this way feel more confident and responsible about themselves. A career developmental program should be based on: Check Actual Performance The very first step should be to check and analyze the present abilities of the employees and of course the current satiation of the organization in which it is running. After the analyses of the current situation have been made we could them go on to focus on our desired goal. By the help of the information gained on the abilities and on the capabilities of the employees we could by the help of counselors could guide an individual employee, on what particular part. He basically has got to focus. This practice may take time but with time slowly and gradually every individual employee would to his organization. It is very crucial that one must distinguish the actual needs from the perceived needs. It is true that with proper training, guidance and of course not to forget full cooperation of the employee, the target of maximums profits would be achieved. An individual should work harder on his weak points and should strive to develop his stronger ones. Set Priorities After analyzing an individual or the employee’s strengths and weaknesses we could know what kind of training is needed by an individual. What time, money should be allocated on him. One thing which should be kept in mind is the organizational needs goals and realities. The employee who is under training should set priorities that is, on which area he should work first, as per the need of his organization. If all these matter would be taken into consideration then without any doubt he would develop himself his abilities, his sense of responsibility, knowledge, skill and would accomplish his goals. Identify Problem Areas In this step we would identify those areas in which working have got to be done. After the problem is identified specific solution has to be applied. This will of course require detailed investigation and analysis. Identify Appropriate Solutions In this last step after solution have been applied to the specific problems, still as it is there is more room for improvement. It is important to move people into new direct to explore more and to improve. There are specific research centers like â€Å"the society’s career development program provides awards intended to meet the specific needs of investigators at different states in their research careers†. Thus, a lot of encouragement is given to all those people under training, so as to encourage them get good results. Essential Components The oxford English dictionary says One’s careers are one’s course or progress through life. This basically means that as an individual keeps on progressing and making himself better, through gaining more knowledge and information he keeps on improving with time and practice to improve there are self development tools. Self Assessment Know body know you as well as you know yourself. So as it is that the person under training should assess himself that what kind of training he should take or what kind of training would help to make his career develop and prosper. He should take care of his weak points and should develop his strengths. It is very curtail that counseling should be done by an expert advisor to the trainee. This way the trainee would be sure as to which way he has to go. There are also internal labor marketing and many more components. Pro and Cons There are advantages as well as certain disadvantages of getting into career programming. The good points are that after a certain period of time with a lot of hard work and labor the organization would gain good profits. There are certain disadvantages as well like it is very. Time consuming; it involves a lot of time, labor and money which would otherwise be spent elsewhere in the company. Conclusion There is a well enough connection between the organizational development and career development. As we know that a lot of individuals make is going to go under training gains knowledge develop his skill and abilities. Eventually he would perform well in that organization and because of him the company would make a lot of profits there he would certainly be rewarded. Thus his way he would also develop his career and this would certainly be a good start in his life. Reference http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=11618